Pro Genetically Modified Foods Essay

We must have science to make medicine. All of us have been to the doctor to get medicine at least once in their lives. Think about how many people would die each year if it weren’t for modern day medicine; a lot, right? So it’s safe to say that some of us trust in medicine but not the science of genetically modifying foods? Believe it or not, genetically modifying foods has been around for thousands of years. â€Å"About 8,000 years ago, for example, farmers in Central America crossed two mutant strains of a weedy-looking plant called Balsas teosinte and produced the first corn on the cob. † (http://www. pbs. org/wgbh/harvest/engineer/) Without GM foods, farmers would be using more pesticides to keep their crops fresh. Scientists have created pest resistant plants that require fewer pesticides and grow faster. Along with being more cost efficient for farmers, the farmer’s use of fewer pesticides has been thought to be safer for consumers and for the environment. â€Å"How is the environment affected by pesticides? † After the rain comes and washes all the pesticides on the crops away the chemicals run off into the ground water and the water becomes contaminated. Then the animals of the surrounding area consume the water and then become sick and eventually die. If corn were not genetically modified, many crops would die as a result of pests and poor resiliency to changes in the weather. One of the biggest pathogens for corn is said to be the European corn borer. Because this insect subsides inside of the corn husk, pesticides do little to fix the issue. As a result of reduced production of corn, produce prices would become inflated and many people could no longer afford to buy it.

Assignment #1: Best Practices

January 4, 2013 BUS 5668: Cases in Applied Project Management Assignment #1: Best Practices From 1940 to present, Project Management has continuously advanced from line managers using a small set of processes that were considered nice to have to the formal assignment of one individual assigned as the Project Manager that utilized a formal methodology by which to manage the project. Often the term â€Å"best practices† is referenced within a defined methodology. Why must an organization capture best practices? What are the determining factors in base-lining a best practice? Can an organization have too many best practices?What are the impacts of establishing too many best practices that mandated by senior management for use on all projects? Provide one example of a Project Management best practice. (Video Lecture 2 and independent research) What are Best Practices? According to the Business Dictionary, And According to the Business Dictionary, â€Å"A Best Practice is a method or technique that has consistently shown results superior to those achieved with other means, and that is used as a benchmark (Business Dictionary). † Organizations that have had constant success have adapted a unique version of the best practice method that accommodates what they do.Many organizations use best practices to do the following (but not limited to): †¢ Develop an understanding of the necessary requirements †¢ Focusing on how to deliver the service / continue to deliver the service †¢ Improve the perception of the customer(s) †¢ Eliminate wasteful spending/investments †¢ Increase productivity and employee morale †¢ Improve Risk Management Using the best practices listed above along with other best practices the organization deem necessary, organizations can create a baseline to accommodate their organizations.A Base-line is defined as the current version of a project plan that guides project performance and against which the project m anager compares actual project performance. (Portny, el. ) When an organization is creating or enhancing a base-line, the organization has to take into consideration the following: †¢ How will the best practice benefit the organization †¢ Who will the best practice have the most impact on (customer, organization, stakeholders, etc. ) †¢ What is the return on investments for the organization by implementing the best practices.Although best practices is the ideal method to use when operating an organization, not using the best practices method as it is meant to be used is just as bad as not having a process in place to run the organization. Time and time again, many organizations lose site of what best practices really are because they set too many goals as best practices. As a result, the organization fails to improve and keep up with competitors due to losing sight because they have so many best practices they are trying to focus on. The idea behind the best ractices is to ensure the organization is operating on one accord throughout the organization. By implementing too many best practices may result in the disorganization within the organization. Everyone would not be on one accord which can lead to miscommunication and every department doing what they see fit. Having too many best practices is just as bad as not having any at all. By implementing too many best practices, the organization have a higher probability to failing due to no realistic opportunity of implementing all of the best practices.And the best practices implemented will not be fulfill 100% due to lack of resources because resources are spread thin due to the large amount of best practices. Also, every best practice may not be suitable for every department within the organization. By implementing best practices that will not be beneficial to department will become a waist of resources, spending, and as a result the project has a high probability of failing. An example of a Proj ect Management best practice would be the implementation of ITIL within the NASA organization.ITIL provides a practical, no-nonsense framework for identifying, planning, delivering and supporting IT services to the business. The NASA Shared Services Center (NSSC) is ITIL aligned. As a member of the NASA Shared Services Center, I had the opportunity to work on the implementation of the Enterprise Service Desk (ESD). The ESD offers 24Ãâ€"7 technical support to the entire NASA Agency. This department was stood up on the premises of offering the best IT support at the lowest cost. The NSSC has been using this best practice since it’s start-up.I for one believe the ITIL best practice has brought much success to the NSSC. References: Last, F. M. (Year Published) Book. City, State: Publisher. Portny, Stanley E. (2008) Project Management: Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling Projects. New Jersey John wWley & Sons No author. (n. d. ) Business Dictionary. Retrieved on 01/09/2012. Ret rieved from http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/best-practice. html#ixzz2HuDx20hu No author. (05. 10. 2012) ITIL. Retrieved on 01/09/2012. Retrieved from http://www. itil-officialsite. com/AboutITIL/WhatisITIL. aspx

Risk Management of Mass Customization in Supply Chain...

Risk management of Mass customization in Supply Chain Management Ching-Hua Huang, Cai Wei, Lam Shan Kong, Ching-Hsin Lee, Po-Chun Chen, Faculty of Business, Economics amp; Law, University of Queensland, Australia Key words: Risk management, Supply chain, Mass customization Abstract Companies nowadays have faced critical issues on managing the supply chain system and how to make it work smoothly is the main goal that is willing to pursue. This article is going to identify the risks in supply chain management and take mass customization as the key element to elaborate, and two examples are brought out to emphasize the importance of it. At last, negative impacts addressing the management and some recommendation of avoidance†¦show more content†¦What is mass customization? In the fierce competitive environment where customers expect the products they purchased are unique and customized, and the price should be as low as mass-produced items (Radder amp; Louw 1999). Therefore, more companies realize that a profound change in production procedures and flexibility of structures are needed to meet the challenges. While Mass customization (MC) has provided an opportunity to cope with varied customer needs, such as Dell computer, Daimler smart car, Swatch, IBM, Proctor and Gamble and Hewlett-Packard, leading a successful business practices by accommodating specific customer requirements (Selladurai 2004). Originally, the notion of MC was coined by Stan Davis (1987) in his book â€Å"Future Shock†, which defines MC as a fundamental paradox allowing firms to produce as various goods as possible based on volatile customer needs, but in a cost-effective way. The concept of MC is to integrate flexible production processes with information systems and organizational structures within a supply network, delivering tailored products or services to satisfy the end customer as well as reaching reasonable costs (Frutos amp; Borenstein 2004; Silveira, Borenstein amp; Fogliatto 2000; Yao amp; Liu 2009). In other words, MC is characterized as a strategy to provide customers with what they want, anytime and anywhere with any way, from which companies can gain a competitiveShow MoreRelatedApplying Lean Tools and Techniques to Optimize Supply Chain Processes1139 Words   |  5 PagesTo Optimize Supply Chain Processes Introduction In defining how best to apply lean tools and techniques to the optimization of supply chain processes, the systemic structure of a firms value chain needs to first be taken into account, with each specific sector of the supply chain considered an integral part. Of the many excellent insights gained from the study of Lean Logistics (Jones, Hines, Rich, 1997) one of the most significant is how the planning and execution of supply chain optimizationRead MoreAssessment of Dells Approach to Operations Management1287 Words   |  5 PagesAssessment of Dells Approach to Operations Management Introduction Dell Corporation (NASDAQ: DELL) is a global leader in operations management, supply chain management (SCM), logistics and advanced lean manufacturing techniques. While hundreds of companies have attempted to attain the level of performance they have using their unique approach to operations management and supply chain synchronization to demand forecasting, few have attained the level of production efficiency Dell has. The centerRead MoreHow Can Design for Logistic Concepts Be Used to Control Logistic Cost and Make the Supply Chain More Efficient?983 Words   |  4 Pages1. How can Design for logistic concepts be used to control logistic cost and make the supply chain more efficient? Design for logistics is a series of concepts in the field of supply chain management involving product and design approaches that help to control logistics costs and increase customer service levels. The concepts include the three key components, Economic packaging and transportation, Concurrent and parallel processing, and Standardization. Economic packaging and transportation Read MoreOperations Management at Dell Computers943 Words   |  4 PagesDell Operations Management Introduction Founded in 1984 by Michael Dell, Dell Computer (NASDAQ: DELL) in the latest fiscal year generated $62B in revenue and earned a Net Income of $3.4B, the majority of sales generated from mobility-related products ($19B). 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(by Yulia Samokhina) Introduction3 Mass Customization: main definitions3 Evolution of mass customization†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...4 Mass customization strategies: advantages and disadvantages†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 Mass customization as a process†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Read MoreEssay about Riordan Manufacturing Business Analysis 1281 Words   |  6 Pagesexpansion manufacturing plant in China. The Chinese plant produces fans. Team A will review the manufacturing process of the fans in China, and discuss a more efficient plan for a new Inventory management system, Mass customization, Lean Production and methods for Strategic planning. Inventory Management Riordan currently uses a system which requires Inventory staff to write down raw materials as they are received. These items are given to an inventory Clerk at the end of the day to be inputtedRead MoreJct Task 3 Essay3021 Words   |  13 Pageswhen it comes to a supply chain strategy including the Keiretsu network, virtual company, a vertical integration, and joint venture. After analyzing all of these programs, it is my opinion that the virtual company supply chain strategy be adopted. The virtual company supply chain strategy is the best option for several reasons. One reason is that it keeps the overhead low. Unlike vertical integration where the parent company actually buys and runs other aspects of the supply chain, each segment reliesRead MoreWgu Supply Chain Task 34858 Words   |  20 PagesIntroduction Supply chains manage the movement of products from the acquisition of raw materials through production and finally distribution to the end user. A properly designed supply chain can create many opportunities to drive down cost and increase revenue opportunities. In order to create a supply chain that is sustainable and flexible it is necessary to identify and align company goals and initiatives with the manufacturing and distribution of products. In the following sections I willRead MoreZara Postponement Strategy1702 Words   |  7 Pagesdiverse needs of customers. Mass customization has become a requirement for many businesses especially in the dynamic, fast-changing industries. However, the more product varieties, the more difficult it is to forecast demand, control inventory and manufacture. Therefore, some innovative companies have integrated â€Å"postponement† strategies with their supply chain operations to gain control of product variety proliferation. Zara is one of the most successful fast-fashion chains in the world, which is

Get the Scoop on Gates Essay Samples Before Youre Too Late

Get the Scoop on Gates Essay Samples Before You're Too Late When you're writing your research paper's introduction, you ought to be building it around a particular outline that supplies a general review of the paper. When picking a high school essay format, the initial step is to spot the kind of essay you want to write. There's numerous essays completed by them. These examples can explain how to compose an impressive essay, and the way to use proper transitions to continue to keep your story on track. You must find the proper resources for your essay together with patience when finding the proper inspiration to write. Our objective is to supply you with a professionally written essay on the subject you require. So so long as you've got the author's name and the title of the books you have read you ought to be just fine. Today Gates is among the wealthiest men on earth. The very first week at High School wasn't entirely the very best. Gates Essay Samples and Gates Essay Samples - The Perfect Combination This does not need to be a great challenge. Money Money is a typical reason for not pursuing your objective. Let's say your topic is to go over an extracurricular activity that has played a massive effect on your life. Simply take just a little time to re assess your target and consider what your alternatives are now. Gates also was not reluctant to take risks. Two years later he was deducted and began to create the software. Through this, he has managed to ensure the e ffectiveness of operations at the company. Through its visionary leadership, he has projected the best way of helping the underprivileged to overcome the problem of poor health. Make sure that you own a transcript that has the course names, the credits and grades. Writing of scholarship graduate essay is an incredibly tough academic task simply because students need to demonstrate they are capable of accomplishing the task that they're applying for. Writing an Ethical Argument This document is meant to be an instructional resource for students or instructors who need to learn more about the way to compose an ethical argument. Writing of graduate essays is simply one of the services which we provide to people who want quality scholarships. Gates Essay Samples - Is it a Scam? From that point, you would attempt to demonstrate that the action which you're claiming to be unethical somehow violates that moral obligation. From that point, your task for a writer would be to demonst rate that the action which you're claiming is ethical improves human well-being. You would then have to offer an argument which demonstrates that a distinct mind-independent moral obligation exists. You would have to first provide an argument for the presence of mind-independent moral obligations. High school is a crucial time in the life span of young folks. As a consequence, you get a good deal of free time and completed homework. The key thing with these test isn't only getting the right answers, but doing it all in a genuine testing atmosphere. The Basic Principles of Gates Essay Samples You Will be Able to Benefit From Starting Immediately Public high schools have their very own fair share of issues and in the event the student isn't careful, they could wind up in a massive mess. Many people think that high school entrance essays are rather less difficult to write than college entrance essays, that is the reason there are fewer places where you could get assistance wit h higher school entrance essays. High school students need to compose essays on a number of topics which at first may appear to have nothing in common. Fully being a happy high school student wouldn't be possible without my loved ones. Some of the greatest research paper introduction samples incorporate primary resources supporting the argument or research of the issue. Now, a few of these sites offer you these services for free while some offer packages which include many functions and features. There are many ways to acquire new details. Other forms of information which colleges might start looking for is a bit more varied.

Is Software Engineering A Multi Disciplinary Field

ABSTRACT Using qualitative methods and a qualitative analytical framework, it was found that communication and cooperation are the critical factors in developing large-scale software systems. Given the importance of this observation, it is perhaps surprising that research publications using qualitative methods are still scarce. Therefore, my goal in creating this paper is to make existing qualitative methods more visible and further the understanding of qualitative research and its importance in the software engineering community. This paper presents several qualitative methods for data collection and analysis and describes them in terms of how they might be incorporated into empirical studies of software engineering, in particular how†¦show more content†¦For various reasons, systematic empirical studies employing strictly scientific methods are hardly practiced in software engineering. Thus there is an unquestioned need for developing improved and better-qualified empirical methods , for their application in practice and for dissemination of the results. e.g., for planning, performing, analyzing, and reporting such studies. A range of research approaches can generate different and richer information about a complex phenomenon such as software development. In particular, qualitative research methods have been advocated in this regard, although they still occupy a relatively marginal position in software engineering research compared to quantitative methods. The reason that qualitative methods are used so infrequently in software engineering lies in its foundations as a scientific and engineering discipline. An inherited technical interest in improving practice is associated with a preference for quantitative research approaches that lend themselves to measuring causal relationships for successful software process improvement. However, studying software engineering is a complex undertaking not just because of its technical aspects, but also â€Å"from the awkward intersection of machine and human capabilities, and from the central role of human behavior in software development† (Seaman 1999, p.557).

Essay On Nuclear Submarines Example For Students

Essay On Nuclear Submarines The Evolution of the Sumarine Due to WarThe submarine is an extreamly useful tactical tool. Bred through war, the submarine is one of the most advanced covert weapons technologies today. The submarine is a ship designed and built to travel under water. A true submarine spends the majority of time under water and is capable of staying under water indefinaltely(Rush 140). The only true submarine today is the nuclear sub. The first true submarine is the U.S.S nautilus(Rush 141). There are two main types of war affiliated submarines, attack submarines and ballistic missile submarines. The attack submarine is designed to seek and destroy enemy submarines and surface ships. The much larger ballistic missile submarine is designed to carry multiple warheads to attack enemy cities and military facilities ashore(Polmar 748). The submarine origionated over 2,000 years ago when Alexander the great went below the Mediteranian Sea in a glass barrel(Wyckoff 13). Submarines were toyed with by scientists through the years but not many uses were found for the concept of a submersable until the revolutionary war. The first attack submarine was the Turtle, designed by a student at Yale university by the name of David Bushnell, its purpose was to sink a British war ship in New York Harbor(Polmar 750). Its mission was a failure but none the less was the first attempt to sink a ship with a submersable(Polmar 750). The first success was made durring the Civil War(Polmar 750). The Confederate sub Hunley rammed the Union ship Housatonic in Charleston Harbor, and both the Hunley and the Housatonic sank(Polmar 750). The Hunleys weapon consisted of an explosive at the end of a long pole wich was to be set off when in close enough proximity to the ship it was to attack(Polmar 750). The submarine has advanced dramaticly due to war. The first major advancement in submarine technology is the invention of a gasoline and batery powered submarine by John P. Holland(Polmar 750). This ship was bought by the US Navy in 1900 and named the U.S.S Holland(Polmar 750). The U.S.S Holland was capable of speeds of 6 knots submerged(Polmar 750). The gasoline and battery powered combination allowed for submarines to run on gasoline while surfaced, and by battery power when submerged and combustion was no longer possable without wasting valuable oxogen within the submarine. The next leap in the technological development of the submarine was the periscope developed by Simon Lake in 1902(Polmar 750). The periscope allowed a submarine to site distant targets by use of a magnifying lense. A few years later the diesel and battery powered submarine was developed in Great Brittan(Polmar 751). The diesel submarine was cheeper to operate, more powerful, and produced less dangerous fumes th an gasoline powered submarines. The majority of submarines were diesel until the next revolution in submarine technology, the nuclear powered submarine. Although submarines were used extensivey durring WWI and WWII, the greatest advances were made to submarine technology,as well as other technologies due to the submarine, during WWII. The submarine was used extensively by the german military durring both WWI and WWII, and became a major threat to enemy millitary, as well as merchant, ships. This increased the rate at wich technology was developed both to aid and to destroy the submarine. An example of an advancement in technology, related to the submarine, is that of a device employed by the German military, for German submarines, or U-boats (Unterseebooten), is the snorkel(Botting 161). The idea of a snorkel had been around for quite some time however was not well devoloped until the Germans took intrest(Botting 161). The snorkel allowed for submarines to run their engines while submerged. Until the germans modified it, the snorkel was little more than a hose kept out of the water by a float(Botting 161). The germans perfected the s norkel by using a rigid telocopic pipe rather than a flexable hose and by using a float on the inlet so that if the U-Boat dipped too far under water, it would close the inlet preventing the water form entering the combustion engine(Botting 161). Two technologies wich were developed because of the threat by German U-boats are radar, allready in use by the allies to search for and track airplanes, and sonar, a new technology. To counter allied radar the Germans placed a rubber mesh acrost their snorkels to make detection more difficult(Rush 50). .u55b34566df9bdfb39612d3e314147f93 , .u55b34566df9bdfb39612d3e314147f93 .postImageUrl , .u55b34566df9bdfb39612d3e314147f93 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u55b34566df9bdfb39612d3e314147f93 , .u55b34566df9bdfb39612d3e314147f93:hover , .u55b34566df9bdfb39612d3e314147f93:visited , .u55b34566df9bdfb39612d3e314147f93:active { border:0!important; } .u55b34566df9bdfb39612d3e314147f93 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u55b34566df9bdfb39612d3e314147f93 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u55b34566df9bdfb39612d3e314147f93:active , .u55b34566df9bdfb39612d3e314147f93:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u55b34566df9bdfb39612d3e314147f93 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u55b34566df9bdfb39612d3e314147f93 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u55b34566df9bdfb39612d3e314147f93 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u55b34566df9bdfb39612d3e314147f93 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u55b34566df9bdfb39612d3e314147f93:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u55b34566df9bdfb39612d3e314147f93 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u55b34566df9bdfb39612d3e314147f93 .u55b34566df9bdfb39612d3e314147f93-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u55b34566df9bdfb39612d3e314147f93:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Path To Power EssayDue to submarines, some of the most incredable advanses in millitarty technology have been made. Invoked by necesity and the desire to conquer these technologies advenced at extreemy fast paces. From offence to deffence to the insurance of covert operation submarine advancements only slowed in times of peace. Many of these technologies, such as sonar, have found there ways to research ocupations. One questoins wether these advancements would ever have been achieved if not for the sake of the competition of war.Words/ Pages : 843 / 24

Microsurgery Essays - Surgery, Oral And Maxillofacial Surgery

Microsurgery A man came into the emergency ward at one o'clock. His thumb came in an hour later. The surgeon's job: get them back together. The successful re-attaching of fingers to hand requires long hours of painstaking work in microsurgery. In the operating room , the surgeon doesn't stand, but sits in a chair that supports her body. Her arm is cradled by a pillow. Scalpels are present as are other standard surgical tools, but the suture threads are almost invisible, the needle thinner than a human hair. And all the surgical activity revolves around the most important instument, the microscope. The surgeon will spend the next few hours looking through the microscope at broken blood vessels and nerves and sewing them back together again. The needles are so thin that they have to be held with needlenosed jeweller's forceps and will sew together nerves that are as wide as the thickness of a penny. To make such a stitch, the surgeon's hands will move no more than the width of the folded side of a piece of paper seen end on! Imagine trying to sew two pieces of spaghetti together and you'll have some idea of what microsurgery involves. Twenty-five years ago, this man's thumb would have been lost. But in the 1960s, surgeon's began using microscopes to sew what previously had been almost invisible blood vessels and nerves in limbs. Their sewing technique had been developed on large blood vessels over a half century earlier but could not be used in microsurgery until the needles and sutures became small enough. The surgical technique, still widely used today, had taken the frustrating unreliability out of sewing slippery, round-ended blood vessels by ingeniously turning them into triangles. To do this, a cut end of a blood vessel was stitched at three equidistant points and pulled slightly apart to give an anchored, triangular shape. This now lent itself to easier, more dependable stitching and paved the way for microsurgery where as many as twenty stitches will have to be made in a blood vessel three millimetres thick. The needle used for this can be just 70 millimetres wide, only ten times the width of a human blood cell. All this technology is focused on getting body parts back together again successfully. The more blood vessels reattached, the better the survival chances for a toe or a finger. The finer the nerve resection, the better the feeling in a damaged part of the face, or control in a previously useless arm. But the wounded and severed body part must be treated carefully. If a small part of the body, such as a finger is cut off, instead of torn, wrapped in a clean covering, put on ice and then reattached within a few hours, the chance of success is over ninety percent, as long as one good artery and one good vein can be reattached. Not only is micro surgery allowing body parts to be reattached, it's also allowing them to be reshuffled. Before 1969, nothing could be done for you if you'd had your thumb smashed beyond repair. But in the past 14 years, you would have been in luck, if your feet were intact. Every year in North America, hundreds of big toes are removed from feet and grafted onto hands. Sometimes tendons are shifted from less important neighbouring fingers to allow the thumb to work better in its unique role of opposing the other fingers and allowing us to grip. While we in North America can live without our big toes and never really miss them, people in Japan can't. They need their big toes to keep the common footwear, the clog, on their feet. So their second toe is taken instead. Farmers, labourers car accident victims and home handymen are the people most often helped by microsurgery replants. And because blood vessels are being reattached, burn victims can now benefit. Flaps of their healthy skin are laboriously reattached more successfully, blood vessel by blood vessel, to increase chances that the graft will take. Some women, whose diseased Fallopian tubes have become blocked, can have them reopened mic rosurgically. When a cancerous esophagus must be removed, it can be replaced using a