Discipline and Improve Students Behaviour in Classroom Education Essay

The problem of how best to discipline and improve students’ behaviour in classroom is of permanent interest. This review is oriented to searching different methodologies concerning students’ behaviour in classrooms, teachers’ discipline strategies and behavioural management. Different points of view and different examples for appropriate behaviour have been discussed referring to the topic. The sources reviewed present different solutions. This paper examines also the classroom environment and its relation to successful behaviour implementation. The first paragraphs give different definitions conversant with behaviour and discipline according to the authors’ view. The continuation of the literature review is presented by different approaches and strategies concerning a good behavioural management. This elaboration sets out some of the arguments and recommendations which are discussed in more detail. Charles C. M. submits several definitions corresponding to behaviour: Behaviour refers to everything that people do. Misbehaviour is behaviour that is not appropriate to the setting or situation in which it occurs. Discipline†¦ are strategies, procedures, and structures that teachers use to support a positive learning environment. Behaviour management is a science that puts an accent on what teachers have to do to prevent misbehaviour (Charles 1). Students’ behaviour depends on several factors such as traditions, demographic settings, economic resources, family, experiences, and more. Some authors have made important contributions in managing classroom discipline related the twentieth century. Jacob Kounin (1971), one of them, reports that appropriate student behaviour can be maintained through classroom organization, lesson management, and approach to individual students. Rudolf Dreikurs (1972) on the other hand emphasizes the desire to belong as a primary need of students in school. He identifies types of misbehaviour and gives ideas about how to make students feel a part of the class or group (p. 63). William Glasser (1986) shows another view, making a case that the behaviour of someone else cannot be controlled. He reckons that everybody can only control his own behaviour. Personally I support this idea that we must control ourselves. According to the opinion of the other authors, Linda Albert’s, Barbara Coloroso’s, Nelson and Lott’s a good discipline in the classroom can be achieved through Belonging, Cooperation, and Self-Control. A similar idea of classroom management is also presented by Rackel C. F who declares that the teachers, considered it was necessary, â€Å"to develop students’ sense of belonging to the school† (p. 1071) The author supports the opinion of the significance of a good school climate and tells that it might be precondition for facilitating positive youth development (Rackel C. F 1071). In order to attain to a good classroom atmosphere there is a need of growing positive relationship between students and teachers, motivation the students’ participation and clear rules to control classroom discipline (Rackel C. F 1072). In addition these above-mentioned views can be defined as a positive outlook as regards to improving the classroom management. Another point of view inside the subject of managing discipline is through active student involvement and through pragmatic Classroom management (Charles, C. M. 2007, p. 7). Discipline through raising student responsibility is also positively oriented approach for classroom management. The three principles that improve behaviour presented in the article â€Å"Self-assessment of understanding† are positivity, choice, and reflection (Charles, C. M. 12). There the author explains the principles meaning. He states that being positive means being a motivator. When students have opportunity to share their choices they can present themselves with a good behaviour. â€Å"Asking students questions that encourage them to reflect on their behaviour can help them to change behaviour† (Charles 14). Rebecca Giallo and Emma Little (2003, p. 22) from RMIT University Australia give their comments also on classroom behaviour management. They claim that confidence is one of the most important characteristic that influence teachers’ effectiveness in classroom management. Giallo and Little (2003, 22) based on the previous statement of Evans & Tribble accept that less confident teachers seem more vulnerable to stressful classrooms. They maintain the theory that the classroom stress is a reason for giving up a teacher’s career. In school the stress can be overcome through involving of drastic measures concerning managing a good discipline. One of the most popular strategy for solving behaviour problems is punishment. By reason of the popularity of the subject in the field of education, many experts have written articles and books as well as given lectures on discipline and punishment. Anne Catey based on Dreikur’s words considers that there is no need of using punishment in class. Based on Catey’s words kids need to have a chance they can share their ideas in the class (1). This is the best way to â€Å"smooth, productive functioning in schools† (Charles, C. M, 1999). Anne Catey from Cumberland High School gets an interview from several teachers in Illinois district about their discipline practices. She accepts the suggestion given by Lawrence as mentioning that, â€Å"very effective technique is a brief conference, either in the hallway or after class, with the misbehaving student† (Punishment, 1). Anne Catey has her own techniques for classroom management. She disagrees with Lawrence viewing about humour as one of the bad strategies for effective discipline and believes that using of humour can be effective if done without abasing the students (Punishment, 1). In this way she gives each one a bit of individual attention. When some of her students are a bit distracted on one task, talking to friends instead of reading Catey says, â€Å"Since I always assume the best of my students, I assume the noise I hear is students reading aloud or discussing their novels. However, it’s time to read silently now instead of reading aloud† (Punishment, 1). This sounds as a good strategy but personally I disclaim this thesis. This doesn’t work all the time. I am trying to be strict with my students and according to this the pupils have to observe the rules in my classes. That doesn’t mean that I admit the severe punishment but rarely the stern warnings. I agree with the following techniques used by Anne Catey (2001) to modify behaviour including giving â€Å"zeroes for incomplete, inappropriate, and/or missing work and taking points off at the end of a quarter for lack of participation and/or poor listening†. As expected, these methods are effective for some of the pupils but not for the others. Related to the above-mentioned topic it could be noticed some of the classroom discipline strategies utilized in Australia, China and Israel. On the basis of elaborated research in these countries some psychologists and school principals (Xing Qui, Shlomo Romi, 2005) conclude that Chinese teachers appear less punitive and aggressive than do those in Israel or Australia. Australian classrooms are presented as having least discussion and recognition and most punishment. In Australia (Lewis, 2005) as concerned to the study the teachers are characterized by two distinct discipline styles. The first of these is called â€Å"Coercive† discipline and comprises punishment and aggression (yelling in anger, sarcasm group punishments,  etc). The second style, comprising discussion, hints, recognition, involvement and Punishment, is called â€Å"Relationship based discipline† (Lewis 7). Coercive discipline according to the above-mentioned authors means the teacher’s behaviour is such as â€Å"shouting all the time, unfairly blaming students, picking on kids, and being rude, to stimulate student resistance and subsequent misbehaviour† (Lewis, Ramon 2). The importance of classroom discipline arises not only from students’ behaviour and learning as outlined above. It depends also on the role of the teacher. Sometimes it is obvious that teachers are not be able to manage students’ classroom discipline and it can result in stress. So,â€Å"classroom discipline is a cohesion of teacher stress† (Lewis 3). Chan (1998), reports on the stressors of over 400 teachers in Hong Kong, claims that student behaviour management rates as the second most significant factor stressing teachers. In the article Teachers’ Classroom discipline several strategies have been presented for improving classroom management. They are Punishing (move students’ seats, detention), Rewarding (rewards, praises), Involvement in decision-making (decides with the class what should happen to students who misbehave), Hinting, Discussion and Aggression. Another strategy for improving discipline in class is conducting questionnaires between the students. It is an appropriate approach for defining students’ opinion about behaviour problems. In each Chinese and Israeli school a random sample of classes at all year levels have been selected. As a research assistant administered questionnaires to these classes their teachers completed their questionnaires (Yakov J. Katz 7). In comparison to all of the mentioned countries the model in China is a little different in that students support use of all strategies except Aggression and Punishment. Based on the conducted research the only strategy to range within a country by more than 2 ranks is Punishment, which ranks as the most common strategy in Australia, and the fourth and fifth most commonly used strategy in Israel and China. The author, Xing Qui generalises that, â€Å"there is not more Punishment at the level 7-12. â€Å"Classroom discipline techniques showed that students in China, compared to those in Australia or Israel, report less usage of Punishment and Aggression and greater use of Discussion and the other positive strategies. At the end of their article â€Å"Teachers’ classroom discipline and Student Misbehaviour in Australia, China and Israel â€Å"(p. 14) the authors recommend that teachers need to work harder to gain quality relationships with difficult students. What I have drawn from reviewing literature so far is that teachers are able to use different techniques for enhancing classroom management in their profession. After making a thorough survey on the above-mentioned issue I would like calmly to express my position. It is harder for the teacher to keep the student focused on any frontal instruction. That’s why as with all classroom management practices, the teachers should adapt what they like to their classroom, taking into consideration the age, ethnicity, and personality of the class as a group, and of them as teachers. Much of the disruptive behaviour in the classroom can be alleviated before they become serious discipline problems. Such behaviours can be reduced by the teacher’s ability to employ effective organizational practices. These skills are individual for each teacher. The lecturer should become familiar with school policies concerning acceptable student behaviour and disciplinary procedures. Establishing rules to guide the behaviour of students is also important. Once these standards are set up the teachers have to stick to them. I agree with the authors who prefer involving the positive approach in behaviour management. But I also accept that some situations are more complicated than the others and in this case the teachers must take drastic measures against inappropriate students’ behaviour.

Engineering Hours Accounting System Essay

Introduction Avitronics is a medium sized engineering company that produces components for the aerospace industry. Employees keep track of the hours they work on different projects and at the end of the week turn in a timecard with this information on it. The company can take up to roughly 12 contracts a year; each of these contracts is assigned a ‘Job-Code’. The Current System At present each employee keeps track of their hours using their own system. This could be as informal as a rough tally on a scrap of paper. At the end of the week, the employees fill their hours into a formal timecard, which is handed in and tallied by a clerk. Objectives of The New System Mr. Salomon (the chief accountant) would like a system with data entry forms so that each employee can input their own hours into the system at the end of each week. He would like to have pull-down menus for the job-codes, so that clumsy engineers entering complicated codes do not make mistakes. Hours should be rounded to the nearest quarter-hour. Data entry should be quick and simple. Each individual employee should not be able to see the hours worked by everyone else. The information should be sent to a database from Mr. Salomon can produce reports. He wants to be able to get a report that shows how many hours each employee works each week (these should be sorted by employee number). Mr. Salomon would also like to have a graphical report, which shows the total number of hours worked each week against each contract. He would like to start a fresh new system at the start of each year. Mr. Salomon would also like an easy to understand user guide, which should include complete instructions for a novice, using no jargon. Performance Indicators My solution will have to: * Prevent all employees seeing other employees’ hours. * Be simple to use, and not waste employees’ time. * Prevent errors wherever possible by using validation and combo-boxes. * Allow Mr. Salomon to create reports (with graphs) from entered data. * Include a template for Mr. Salomon to reset the system at the start of the year. * Provide Mr. Salomon with a User Guide designed to assist novice users when they are using the solution. * Accurately calculate the total hours for each employee per week, accurate to each quarter hour. Accurately calculate the number of hours worked on each contract per week, accurate to each quarter-hour. If all of these criteria are met then my solution will be successful. Design Choice of Software A Spreadsheet is the best solution to the problem because I can use the software well already and I know how to solve the problem using this software. I have chosen to use Microsoft Excel because it is the most common piece of spreadsheet software in general use. I could use an equivalent spreadsheet package from a different company, but this may not be compatible with Mr. Salomon’s computer. Features of Excel that make it ideal for solving the problem: * Ability to create a blank template * Pivot tables to create sophisticated reports with graphs * Formatting to help make it clear to the user where to enter data * Macros to automate various functions * Macros which will execute automatically on opening and closing workbooks * Validation and Protection of cells to prevent tampering and errors Systems Overview My system will be based on one workbook, with three sheets (excluding reports). The Hours Entry sheet will be the main input form, where employees will enter the hours they have worked, on what days and on which contract. The Admin Options Sheet is where the Administrator changes Contract numbers and groups, he/she also sets the week beginning date. The database sheet is where reports and charts will be produced form. Detailed Design Follows on the next 6 pages†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Workbook and Sheet Discussion Hours Entry Sheet – This sheet is designed to let the employees enter their hours in a quick and simple way. It is important to keep it simple so that employees do not become disgruntled and frustrated with the system. This sheet has a simple colour scheme that distinguishes input cells from cells where input is not required. Combo boxes are used to keep certain aspects simple and to prevent mistakes. Buttons are used to execute macros that clear the sheet and transfer relevant data to the spreadsheet. As hours have to be recorded by the closest quarter-of-an-hour, I have used a ‘ceiling’ formula in the total cells to prevent mistakes being made when data is transferred to the database. Admin Options Sheet – This sheet contains any options the administrator may need to set concerning the system He/She can add/remove contracts and add/remove groups of workers. At the start of each working week He/She has to set the ‘Week Beginning date’ that is needed throughout the system, it is essential they enter this date correctly. The colour scheme for this sheet is simple, every cell is white, input cells have borders to distinguish them form non-input cells. This sheet contains two buttons that execute macros: – Protect Workbook – This macro opens up the protect workbook dialog, where the administrator can protect the whole workbook, with the exception with cells that are not ‘Locked’ (input cells). – Start New Year – This macro erases all the data in the workbook, and prepares the system for a new year. A warning box automatically pops up when this button is clicked to warn the user that they will be deleting all entered data from the previous year. This is to prevent all the data being removed accidentally. Database Sheet – This sheet contains all the data that has been transferred from the ‘Hours Entry Sheet’. It contains – Employee #, Hours Worked for each employee. – Job Code, Hours Worked for each contract. From this data, an employee report can be created, this is a report listing all the employees, and the number they have worked in a given week. From this data, a contract report can be created; this is a report listing all the contracts and the number of hours worked on them for a given week. From this data a contract graph can be created, this is a graph showing the number of hours worked for a given contract over the past month (4 weeks). These outputs will need to look professional and be suitable for their purpose. Data entry and Validation These are the fields in which data will be entered into my system: Last Name – The employee will type this in. I chose this method, as there is no reasonable alternative. Employee # – This will be typed in by the employee. I chose this method because there is no reasonable alternative. Employee number is a four-digit number. This cell will be validated so that numbers bigger than 9999 are not accepted; also text is prevented from being entered. I use this validation so that problems do not occur further on the process, when reports sorted by employee number are being produced. Group – The user will select this via a combo box this ensures no typographical errors are made when typing it in. I am choosing to use a drop down box as there are few options for the employee to choose from. Job-Code – This will be selected from a drop down box to prevent typographical errors being made. If it were a plain cell, with no validation or input aids, if an error was made it could cause unwanted consequences throughout the system. Monday – Employees enter their hours by typing the number in the correct cell. Any number they enter will later be rounded up to the nearest quarter hour, by the use of a ceiling formula. The validation on this cell will be that it has to be a number between 0 and 20. Tuesday – Employees enter their hours by typing the number in the correct cell. Any number they enter will later be rounded up to the nearest quarter hour, by the use of a ceiling formula. The validation on this cell will be that it has to be a number between 0 and 20. Wednesday – Employees enter their hours by typing the number in the correct cell. Any number they enter will later be rounded up to the nearest quarter hour, by the use of a ceiling formula. The validation on this cell will be that it has to be a number between 0 and 20. Thursday – Employees enter their hours by typing the number in the correct cell. Any number they enter will later be rounded up to the nearest quarter hour, by the use of a ceiling formula. The validation on this cell will be that it has to be a number between 0 and 20. Friday – Employees enter their hours by typing the number in the correct cell. Any number they enter will later be rounded up to the nearest quarter hour, by the use of a ceiling formula. The validation on this cell will be that it has to be a number between 0 and 20. Saturday – Employees enter their hours by typing the number in the correct cell. Any number they enter will later be rounded up to the nearest quarter hour, by the use of a ceiling formula. The validation on this cell will be that it has to be a number between 0 and 20. Sunday – Employees enter their hours by typing the number in the correct cell. Any number they enter will later be rounded up to the nearest quarter hour, by the use of a ceiling formula. The validation on this cell will be that it has to be a number between 0 and 20. User Aids to Operation User Aids to Operation that I have used are combo boxes, and buttons that execute useful macros. Combo boxes assist the user with entering data when there are only a few options to choose from. They also help prevent mistakes from being made when typing out something complicated. For example in my system, the user uses a combo-box to select a job code, if they had to type every job code in it is more than likely that every week several mistakes would be made. By using combo-boxes I have eliminated the probability of this occurring. By using buttons that execute macros I have enabled the employees to enter their hours in a simple entry form. If I did not use macros then each individual would have to type hours into the database, this could cause a huge number of problems for the company. Protection Sheet 1, Hours Entry Sheet The following cells on this sheet will NOT be protected: C6, Last Name C5, Employee # C10:C16, Monday’s Hour Entry Cells D10:D16, Tuesday’s Hour Entry Cells E10:E16, Wednesday’s Hour Entry Cells F10:F16, Thursday’s Hour Entry Cells G10:G16, Friday’s Hour Entry Cells H10:H16, Saturday’s Hour Entry Cells I10:I16, Sunday’s Hour Entry Cells These cells will not be protected because when I protect the sheet, I want them to be ‘editable’. Eg the employees need to enter data into them. Macros Transfer_Macro – This macro will be executed from a button on the ‘Hours Entry Sheet’. The macro transfers required data from this sheet into the database. After it has transferred the data it will return the user to the ‘Hours Entry Sheet’, where they can exit the spreadsheet when they are ready. If the transfer is completed successfully then a message box will popup saying ‘Transfer Successful’. Create_Employees_Report – This macro will create a report on the employees. It will copy selected data from the database, paste it into a new sheet and format it appropriately. The report will show the employee number, last name, hours worked for each week for each employee stored in the database. Create_Contracts_Graph – This macro will use selected data from the database to create a graph showing how many hours are spent on each job code over a period of weeks. The graph will show all of the job-codes and all of the data about each job code that is stored in the database. Auto_Open – This will execute automatically when the spreadsheet is opened, it shows the ‘Hours Entry Sheet’ and clear all of the white input cells. It will select the ‘Employee #’ input box ready for the user to begin. Clear – This macro clears all of the white input cells in the ‘Hours Entry Sheet’. If the employee enters a few mistakes or realises he has entered totally wrong data, instead of having to delete every piece of data separately he/she can simply click the button that executes this macro. Protect_Workbook – This macro will be executed via a button on the ‘Admin Options’ page, this will hide all menus and the taskbar and take the user to the ‘Hours Entry Sheet’. It will also run the ‘Clear’ macro so that the ‘Hours Entry Sheet’ is always blank when it shows up. Start_New_Year – This macro erases all data from the database ready for the system to begin a new year. The employees and job codes will stay on the admin options page as it would be unreasonable to assume that all the jobs were finished at the end of the last year. Data Flow Diagram Testing Test Strategy This is what my solution is required to do, as outlined in the Performance Indicators section of the Analysis: * Prevent all employees seeing other employees’ hours. * Be simple to use, and not waste employees’ time. * Prevent errors wherever possible by using validation and combo-boxes. * Allow Mr. Salomon to create reports (with graphs) from entered data. * Include a template for Mr. Salomon to reset the system at the start of the year. * Provide Mr. Salomon with a User Guide designed to assist novice users when they are using the solution. * Accurately calculate the total hours for each employee per week, accurate to each quarter hour. Accurately calculate the number of hours worked on each contract per week, accurate to each quarter-hour. Here is an outline of the tests I will have to carry out on my spreadsheet: * Does my system open correctly? * Ensure that the Database and Admin sections are hidden from the employees. * Ease of Use, as little complications as possible. * Tests of Validation (effects of incorrect/extreme data entry) * Tests of Protection * Accurate calculation of hours * Does my spreadsheet cause problems after closing? Test Plan The following tests will be performed: Basic Function Tests: 1. Open my spreadsheet. 2. Add data as outlined in test data set 1. 3. Test the ‘Submit Hours’ button. 4. Add data as outlined in test data set 2. 5. Test the ‘Clear Form’ Button. 6. Add data as outlined in test data set 3. 7. Test the ‘Submit Hours’ button. 8. Test the ‘Exit System’ button. 9. Reopen the spreadsheet. 10. Try entering data from test data set 4. 11. Try entering data in a locked cell (eg. The cell containing the word ‘Group’ and the cell containing the word ‘Totals’). Admin Function Tests: 12. Open my spreadsheet. 13. Test ‘Admin Options’ button, enter password from test data set 5. 14. Test ‘Admin Options’ button, enter password from test data set 6. 15. Test the ‘Enter New Employee’ button. Enter the data as outlined in test data set 7. 16. Select cell ‘F19’, Test the ‘Delete Job Code’ button. 17. Select cell ‘B11’, click the ‘Delete Job Code’ button. 18. Test the ‘Enter New Job-Code’ button, enter the data as outlined in test data set 8. 19. Test the ‘Enter New Job-Code’ button. 20. Test the ‘Create Contract-Chart’ button. 21. Test the ‘Employee Report’ button. 22. Test the ‘Change System Password’ button. Enter the password as outlined in test data set 9. 23. Test the ‘Protect System’ button. 24. Test the ‘Admin Options’ button. Enter the password as outlined in test data set 6. Error massage should appear. 25. Test the ‘Admin Options’ button. Enter the password as outlined in test data set 9. 26. Test the ‘Change System Password’ button; enter the original password again as outlined in test data set 6. 27. Test the ‘Start New Year’ button. 28. Click ‘File’ then ‘Exit’ please do not save any changes to the spreadsheet. Jonathan Stamp – ICT Excel Coursework Page 1 of 17 Jonathan Stamp – ICT Excel Coursework Page 1 of 17

Single-sex education and coeducation Research Proposal

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Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 7

Research Paper Example Health care reform is considered to be an important responsibility of any government. In simple terms, health care reform refers to the reform in the health care system and/or in some parts of this system. This paper is developed to serve the purpose of providing a clear review of the literatures that are available with respect to the Health Care Reform in U.S. In the process of doing so, the paper includes a brief history of health care system and reforms in the context of US. Furthermore, it also contains the present situation of health care reform in the country. It is important to review the literature regarding US health care system before reviewing the literature regarding US health care reform. Significant volume of literature can be found related to US health care system. Steven Jonas, Karen Goldsteen and Raymond Goldsteen in their â€Å"An introduction to US Health Care System† have opined that the health care system in US is very similar to the systems of the other nations where ‘allopathic medical model’ is mainly followed (Jonas, Goldsteen & Goldsteen, 2007). However, it has several features that are unique in nature when compared to the health care systems of other countries. While providing a brief overview of the Unites States health care system, Jonas and Goldsteens have said that an important aspect of the US health care system is that it is significantly fragmented and decentralized (Jonas, Goldsteen & Goldsteen, 2007). Its main function and role are significantly focused on the production of outcomes. It r emarkably emphasizes on the profits and power of the service providers. In US, health care is provided but it does not come at a low cost. High end education and researches that are related to health care are provided and funded. Surely there are loci of control and power. In the US as such there is no central Ministry of Health. The system allows

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Situational Leadership - Essay Example Firstly, I need to be aware of all teachers’ skills and competencies as well as experience in the field of their respective teaching. Usually, organizational change is a complex phenomenon and has to be dealt in a systematic manner. The concept of situational leadership provides a framework for effective change leadership by identifying six stages of concern, which when addressed appropriately can help in successful implementation of any organizational change (Blanchard, 2010). Besides these stages of concern, the developmental level in the change process of each individual staff member needs to be considered (Baca & Cervantes, 1998). Based on these developmental levels, stages of concern model proposed by Hershey and Blanchard can be used for change implementation (Olson, 2008). For instance, staff with information concerns needs to be given complete information so that they can decipher the sequence of events and be able to arrive at logical reasoning behind the tasks/events . Secondly, people with personal concerns are usually worried about the impact of events/tasks or change upon themselves. These groups, usually the new teachers, are also concerned about their own abilities to cope with the change.

Theme park report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Theme park report - Assignment Example Major reasons identified in the research are – world economic crisis, stiff local competition, low level of differentiation of services and negative image of the company regarding safety standards and bankruptcy filing. A discussion of possible solutions followed by recommendations concludes the paper. The major recommendation is to restructure the organization to enable a flatter structure for faster decision making and more employee empowerment. Introduction Theme park industry has evolved immensely over time. With a handful of theme parks concentrated within US during the beginning of the 19th century, the industry has grown tremendously. US itself has 600 entertainment parks and attractions as per recent studies while Europe houses 300 of them (Woodside and Martin 2007). The industry is cyclical and is heavily dependent on weather conditions. For example, in US, 46% of the people prefer going to theme parks during summers, 21% prefer spring while 18% prefer autumn season ( Woodside and Martin 2007). ... The company has exclusive rights to sell products bearing these characters as well as use them for advertising and promoting the â€Å"Six Flags† brand (Six Flags Annual report 2010). The theme park has been through turbulent times and had to file for bankruptcy because of the decline in visitors across its various sites. Three main reasons for this situation are as follows: Deterioration of the US and European economies (yahoo.brand.edgar-online) Excessive competition from other entertainment avenues during financial crisis years Lack of differentiation from other competitor in entertainment experience provided to the customers The company needs to formulate a strategy that can help it overcome all the above difficulties. A reduction in entry fee or overall cost of entertainment, focusing on tie ups with other entertainers to reduce competition and encouraging innovation in services within the organization culture can be some of the solutions. We will discuss each of these is sues and their solutions in greater detail in our ensuing sections. Methodology A research paper is incomplete without a mention of the methods employed to analyze and conclude a paper. Research involves data collection, its analysis and finally reaching a conclusion. Methodology helps in defining the research design, the way data is collected, the validity of the data and the limitations of the research. Two types of data have been used in the research – primary and secondary. Data directly gathered from the company is the primary data. Secondary data is the one used from other researcher’s analyses. Most of the data used in the ensuing paper is the secondary data from books and journals and

The Strong Form of Efficient Market Hypothesis Essay

The Strong Form of Efficient Market Hypothesis - Essay Example This evaluation may seem too obvious to day, but prior to the efficient market hypothesis in the 1900s, it was not so self-evident. In recent times however, the Efficient Market Hypothesis is subject to critical re-examination and trial in the paradigms of financial market research (Russel and Torbey, 2001:27). Primary evidence shows that the initial confidence of the concept of Efficient Market Hypothesis is misplaced. According to observations, Efficient Market Hypothesis based financial equilibrium models do not depict the actual trading operations in the world. Indeed, numerous inconsistent results and anomalies require refinement of the current paradigms. This paper presents a critical analysis on the validity of Efficient Market Hypothesis strong form based on existing evidence. Within the realms of finance, Efficient Market Hypothesis reiterates that there is efficient information in financial markets, that assets traded in the financial markets such as bonds, property, or sto cks, reflect all the known and relevant information. In this regard therefore, there is no bias since the information present reflects the collective beliefs of involved investors concerning future expectations and prospects. The Effective Market Hypothesis states that in a financial market with effective information, it is impossible to outperform that market using known information, with the exception of lack (Palan, 2011:24). According to the hypothesis, news or information refers to anything capable of affecting the current market prices.

Malaysian Public Administration Essay Example for Free

Malaysian Public Administration Essay This report is only possible with the sincere dedication of our group members and Dr. WasonLueangpapat, Public Administration Professor. For the members, their contributions and hard work has been the chance to fulfill their part of the distributed duty in Public Administration of Malaysia. As researchers and editors, we especially want to acknowledge the Comparative Public Administration lecturer, Ajarn. Dr. WasonLueangpapat, to his friendly contributed lectures and every example that he has tried to make us understand. Even though, we still did not get them. The other groups that we must acknowledge are our parents who bring us up and sponsor for every tutorial fee and other financial supports. Finally, an untold number of people made it possible for us to work on this Malaysia report, including friends and former teachers in high school. We deeply appreciate the support and contributions of all. This report is a term assignment that we must research and analyze; (1) structure, (2) process, (3) challenge, and (4) change in public administration of interested country. In this report, these topics allow answering such questions as: * What is the general background of Malaysia? What is the Malaysian’s governmental structure and process? * What are the challenges of Malaysian’s public administration? * How Malaysia deals with those upcoming challenges? This report has included what topics that ajarn. Wason has mentioned during Qamp;A on our group presentation, Decentralization and local governance in Malaysia: * British Colonial Legacy * Decentralization * Inter-Governmental Relationships Community Relations and Emerging Recentralization * Process Toward Recentralization and Weakening on Decentralization * Reinforcing Centralization Restructuring and Impact on Decentralization * Where to Decentralization? This report required a lot of time consuming because there are many detail to research and look through. Therefore members attempted to copy and paste information into this report which was considered as plagiarism. As the editor of this report, I had already asked them to make every copy and paste into their own languages and paraphrases. We had tried our best to accomplish this paper. Please give us a suitable mark.

Treatment for Renal Transitional Cell Carcinoma (TCC)

Treatment for Renal Transitional Cell Carcinoma (TCC) Dear All, Thank you for the new images Roz – it is interesting to follow this case as it unfolds. After reviewing the new CT images I would agree with Susie that they could indicate an alternative diagnosis of a transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the left kidney and ureter. I would like to investigate a couple of the many treatment options available for TCC and aim to answer the question put forward by Susie – ‘What treatment options are available to the patient?’ Renal transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) is a malignant tumour that stems from theepithelial cells lining the urinary tract. Upper urinary tract TCCs (UUTUC) – in this patient’s case involving the left kidney and ureter are uncommon. They account for only 5-10% of urothelial carcinomas (Siegel et al, 2012) although evidence indicates an increase in these malignancies (Jemal et al, 2009). The predisposition UUTUCs have for recurrence, metastases and their multi focal nature mandates aggressive clinical intervention (Cai et al, 2011). Treatment is strongly influenced by tumour stage, which correlates closely with prognosis. Surgical intervention is usually the preferred method of treatment for localised disease. Radical nephroureterectomy Radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) with excision of the bladder cuff is the gold standard treatment for UTUC (Margulis et al, 2009). The aim of surgery is to prevent tumour seeding via bypass of the urinary tract during tumour resection. Since the risk of tumour recurrence is considerable, resection of the distal ureter and its orifice is also performed. Recent research by Lughezzani et al, (2010) concluded that this method – removing the distal ureter and bladder cuff significantly improves survival rates. The traditional open surgical approach to RNUs is being challenged by less invasive approaches, e.g. laparoscopic. Simone et al, (2009), a prospective randomised study of 80 patients with non-metastatic UUUC demonstrated no superior effectiveness of laparoscopic surgery over open RNU, whilst the majority of recent research concludes superior outcomes for a laparoscopic versus open surgical approach (Ariane et al, 2012) and (Ni et al, 2012). Endoscopic Treatment Endoscopic ablation is sometimes indicated in patients with a solitary kidney, in bilateral kidney disease and where major surgery is contraindicated. Although now slightly dated, research by Keeley et al, (1997) is commonly cited in recent literature. Their study looked at the ureteroscopic management of 38 patients (41 kidneys) with upper tract urothelial tumours graded 1 3. After endoscopic treatment, 16 of the 21 (76%) with grade 1 disease were tumour free 4 had recurrences at a mean follow-up of 40.3 months. 9 of the 14 (64%) of grade 2 disease were tumour free 4 had recurrent disease at a mean follow-up of 27.6 months. Finally, 2 of the 5 (40%) grade 3 tumours were tumor free at a mean follow-up of 21 months – no recurrence rates were reported for this group. They concluded that ureteroscopic treatment of the upper urinary tract TCC minimises morbidity and provides excellent success rates in patients with solitary, low-grade tumours. Despite these findings, the tract recurrence risk is hard to calculate because relatively few endoscopic ablation treatments have been performed. Additionally, there is a reported risk of understating and under grading the disease with endoscopic management alone. In order to determine the optimal treatment pathway for a patient with TCC – renal function, tumour grade, stage and location must first be evaluated. I have only examined two of the treatment options available for TCC – would anybody else like to expand upon Susies question by examiningothers? I will not add any further questions as there are a few already outstanding. Kind Regards, Alana Show parent See this post in context RDM032_PRD1_A_2014-15 -> On-Line Case Discussions -> Case 12 -> Re: Case 12 by Alana McInally Wednesday, 19 November 2014, 11:51 PM Dear All, Thank you for posting this interesting case and uploaded images Susie. It appears that Noorayen and I have been working on the same topic over the last few days so although this post is likely to overlap in places, I hope to add insight and an alternative slant. I would like to examine the images and a possible diagnosis. In the right lobe of the liver, there appears to be large 67 x 49 mm, well-defined, heterogeneous mass predominantly hyperechoic in nature. Appearances are in keeping with a solid, rather than cystic, lesion. In the second ultrasound image, the liver lesion looks more isoechoic in echotexture with some internal and peripheral vascularity demonstrated when colour Doppler is applied. The sagittal section of the unenhanced CT abdo-pelvis image also highlights this area of low attenuation in the right lobe. These are unusual findings given the patient’s symptoms acute LIF pain. It would be interesting to know whether the patient has had any other tests carried out, for example any blood work prior to the scans? I agree with Noorayen that ultrasound appearances such as these could represent a Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH). An FNH is a benign hyperplastic process which results in the normal constituents of the liver being arranged in an abnormally organised pattern – this is caused bya response to a congenital arteriovenous malformation'(Khan et al, 2013). An FNH is considered the second most common tumour of the liver following hepatic hemangiomas (Kang et al, 2010). In the majority of situations (80-95%), FNH arises as a solitary lesion, however, multiple lesions have been known to present themselves (Khan et al, 2013). Ultrasound characteristics of these lesions can vary, making diagnosis using one modality challenging. Lesions can range from hypoechoic, isoechoic to hyperechoic when compared to that of the surrounding liver tissue (Bates, 2011). Venturi et al, (2007) as well as other recent research – state that typical lesions usually demonstrate a large, well circumscribed mass, with a central feeding artery and a radiating spoke-wheel pattern of blood flow (Bates, 2011). It could be suggested that the second ultrasound image shows central blood flow within the lesion, in keeping with the typical appearances described. Although FNHs are normally asymptomatic, which is not in keeping with the patient’s LIF pain, it may indicate that the LIF pain and the liver lesion (located in the RUQ) are unrelated that the liver lesion is instead an incidental finding; this is consistent with the typical diagnosis of an FNH. Most diagnoses occur when patients undergo cross-sectional imaging or surgery for other problems and / or routine medicals (Palladino et al, 2014). Although the use of contraceptive agents is not proven to cause FNH, they may have a role in the development of these lesions. Additionally, they can also act as an irritant causing haemorrhage or infarctions to occur – resulting in symptomatic patients. Malignant transformation of FNH has not been reported (Chung and DeGirolamo, 2011) and FNHs rarely bleed or grow. As a result, the diagnosis of an FNH rarely impacts the patient’s medical management other than the accurate diagnosis of the lesion to prevent unnecessary biopsies, surgery, and further imaging of the lesion. Despite advances in medical imaging, it is difficult to discern an FNH from other focal hepatic lesions. As a relatively recent imaging modality, the use of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) to identify focal liver lesions is becoming increasingly common (Bartolotta et al, 2009). I will reiterate one of the three outstanding questions does anyone have any further differential diagnoses? Kind regards, Alana Show parent See this post in context RDM032_PRD1_A_2014-15 -> On-Line Case Discussions -> Case 3 -> Re: Case 3 by Alana McInally Tuesday, 18 November 2014, 9:38 PM Dear All, Lucy’s post on the function of the spleen in particular, the implications when it is removed was interesting to read, especially as the spleen’s function and morphology have, in the past, remained unstudied (Lahey and Norcross, 1948). Although they havebecomeless common, as the spleensimportance as an organ isrecognised, splenectomies are still performed and I would like to address Lucy’s question ‘What are the indications for a splenectomy?’. A splenectomy consists of the total or partial surgical removal of the spleen. Literature sources provide a wide spectrum of clinical scenarios for when a splenectomy may be indicated. A general consensus exists for a handful of diagnoses which require a splenectomy. These include: primary cancers of the spleen (very rare), splenic trauma and hematologic diseases. One blood disorder – Hereditary spherocytosis (HS) – often requires treatment via a splenectomy. It involves the loss of specific proteins in the red blood cell membrane, resulting in fragile cells which are further damaged when they pass through the spleen (Encyclopedia of Surgery). This damage ceases once the spleen is removed. Another hematologic disease primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) shows the highest cure rate (60-70%) after a splenectomy versus other treatments (Ghanima et al, 2012). Trauma to the spleen can result from damage or rupture from both blunt and penetrating injuries to the abdomen. Studies suggest 25% of trauma injuries are originally caused by medical intervention to the abdomen (Rull, 2012). Laparoscopic splenectomies are often indicated in splenic trauma to prevent internal hemorrhaging and potentially death (NHS Choices, 2014). There are also numerous other conditions where a splenectomy may be indicated / recommended these include: Splenic artery aneurysms surgical resection is often indicated in the presence of large splenic artery aneurysms (over 2 cm in diameter), because the risk of hemorrhage and rupture can be fatal if not treated (Bates, 2011). Multiple splenic abscesses relatively uncommon but have an associated high mortality rate (Provenzale et al, 2012). Some view percutaneous drainage combined with antibiotic therapy as the best management for solitary abscesses (Bates, 2011) whereas other research proposes a splenectomy is the best treatment for multiple abscesses. Splenomegaly – an enlarged spleen (more than 12 cm) (Bates, 2011) as an isolated indicator for a splenectomy is often unjustified. Best practice is to now investigate the underlying cause. Surgery is only indicated if the enlarged spleen is causing serious complications and/or if the underlying cause cannot be identified (NHS Choices, 2014). As Lucy mentioned, there are benefits and risks of a splenectomy. Most research recognises the associated life-long risk of bacterial infection following a splenectomy (Schilling, 2009), combined with the risks of invasive surgery. The general consensus shifts towards a conservative approach – attempting to preserve the spleen as opposed to invasive treatment (Akinkuolie et al, 2010). In our trust I found it hard to locate hospital guidelines and protocols for when splenectomies were considered appropriate. However, I came across one case where a patient had a partial laparoscopic splenectomy using wedge resection to treat splenic trauma. This allowed him to retain some splenic function and additionally he was fortunate enough to have an accessory spleen (present in 30% of the population) – which has the ability to grow and function when a large portion has been removed (Arra et al, 2013). Consequently his splenic function was comparable to that prior to surgery. This technique supports the recent advance towards a conservative outlook on splenectomies. It would be interesting if anyone else is aware of the guidelines in their local hospital for when a splenectomy is indicated? Kind regards, Alana

Nineteenth Century Sensational Fiction: Dime Novels Essay example -- L

  Nineteenth Century Sensational Fiction: Dime Novels In the late nineteenth century, a new form of sensational fiction emerged.   Called dime novels because of the five to twenty-five cent sale price, these pocket-sized books told short stories of American frontier adventure.   Often formulaic, these stories centered on macho heroes and damsels in distress, never venturing far beyond plotlines of capture and rescue, pursuit and escape.   Violence and lewdness became the impetus for the popularity of this form which, because of its cheapness, was often passed along to friends and neighbors upon completion.   The serial nature of these stories, which featured a set number of identifiable characters such as Deadwood Dick and Calamity Jane, kept readers coming back for more.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Not surprisingly, many young readers, boys especially, were drawn to the sense of adventure and rebellion in dime novels.   Gratuitous gore and debauchery were also points of attraction.   These unsavory qualities became a major concern of parents who felt that their sons were being negatively influenced, perhaps into a life of crime and banditry.   Still, the mass production of dime novels made it easy for boys to obtain them even without parental permission.   Almost every newsstand or corner bookstore had copies of the latest bloody Western and they were more than willing to sell regardless of the buyer’s age.   Ã‚  Ã‚   The quality of dime novels began to decline as it became custom for publishers such as Beadle to allow several authors to write on the same serial or character interchangeably.   Eventually the plots became so predictable that the only selling points were increasingly fantastical settings, unbelievable situations and more vulgarity.   What... ...his proliferation of â€Å"questionable† content has proven that the average American reader makes choices based on personal tastes rather than on the opinions of highbrow academia or moral crusaders.   It is a victory of free speech as well as the capitalistic principle of demand but also perhaps a blow to artistic integrity.   Concerned parents and religious groups continue to fight against indecency but consumerism has become the most powerful modern censor.   Today, sales are so important that many authors find themselves tethered to a narrowing range of themes and situations that appeal to an increasingly homogenized audience.   As far as the corruption of youth is concerned, most parents today echo Bishop’s sentiments that any book is better than no book, pleased to see their children reading formulaic adventure stories or comics rather than glued to a television set.

Who Is Responsible For Cleanup Under CERCLA? :: essays research papers

Who Is Responsible For Cleanup Under CERCLA? What is CERCLA? The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act ( CERCLA ) 1) The purpose of CERCLA is to make owners and operators of hazardous waste dump sites and contaminated areas, as well as their customers, responsible for cleanup costs and property damage. 2) CERCLA is also referred to as THE SUPERFUND. It is authorized to a level of 8.5 billion dollars. The funding for CERCLA comes 87% from taxes on the chemical industry and 13% from general revenues of the federal government. Who is responsible? After a hazardous waste site is identified, CERCLA places ultimate cleanup responsibility on those who used the site. Parties responsible for a waste dump are liable for the cost of waste removal and other remedial action.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If potentially responsible parties can be identified, then they can be held liable for either cleanup costs incurred, or for replenishment of the Superfund. Who is a Potentially Responsible Party? 1.) Owners and operators of waste sites. i) CERCLA actions against dissolved corporations are permissible ii) If one is the owner or operator, liability may attach even if some other party in the past placed hazardous wastes there. ( The seller of a foundry was found liable under CERCLA when it was sold for $25,000, but was appraised at $200,000, suggesting the decision to sell was for disposal of hazardous materials.) A vendor is not an owner if it did not own the property at the time of toxic discharge from the facility. iii) A parent company may be considered the owner, despite the formation of a subsidiary with day to day control over operations. iv) Lenders and secured creditors are liable if they actively participate in decisions involving either waste treatment, or site development. They are not liable if they do not participate in management decisions. (silent partners and banks) v) An owner, employer, or waste generator may be liable for the harmful consequences of disposal practices undertaken by third parties in a contractual relationship with it. ( If I hire Fly-By-Night Disposal Corp. to dispose of my waste and they do so by dumping it in the river, then I may be liable.) 2.)Persons who accepted hazardous substances for transport or disposal. 3.)Persons who arranged with a transporter for transportation of wastes. 4.)Any person who arranged for disposal or treatment of hazardous substances.

Third World Socialism Essay -- Socialism Socialists Governmental Essay

Third World Socialism Many United States citizens are frightened by the word Socialism. However, the predominant ideology in most Third World countries is socialism. There are many reasons why Third World countries have turned to socialism as their form of government. The main reason the Third World has taken on the concept of socialism is because of the history of feudalism and colonialism that these countries faced for so many years. Socialism was seen as a way to reform the land of many underdeveloped countries. Socialism believes the government needs to intervene to make sure no feudalism or unjust land ownership systems are being enforced. For many years, Third World countries were being exploited by the British. Many of these countries were rich in natural resources, but were unable to make a profit off of it. Instead, the British were living in these countries, owning most of the land, running the laws and government, and making most of the profits from these natural resources. In the case of Egypt, the British took advantage of the Egyptians through Feudalism. Feudalism is a form of colonialism that asserts control over a previously independent region. Under Feudalism, most of the land was owned by wealthy, British landlords. Two percent of the people owned seventy five percent of the land. The rest of the population worked on the land as surfs. Feudalism in Egypt also practiced the Capitulation System. This system exempted non-Egyptians from the Egyptian law. This meant that if a non-Egyptian killed an Egyptian they would not be arrested or held accountable. Feudalism allowed the British to exploit the Egyptian's. Because of Feudalism, the Egyptians lost their culture and their history. Since Third World countr... ...f frowning from other countries when it comes to socialism, people should realize the reason why the Third World adopted this system. For so many years, Third World countries were exploited under colonialism by the Europeans. Third world countries, not only lost most of their natural resources, but they also lost their identity, culture, and civilization. Since these countries were exploited so much under capitalistic systems, it is no wonder that they turn to socialism. Socialism offers Third World countries an opportunity to change their economy around. It allows the poor to have chances that they never had before. So even though it is easy to sometimes frown upon Third World socialism, people should realize that socialism has provided small stepping stones towards abolishing systems of exploitation. It has also helped these countries to progress towards freedom.

The Roles and Achievements of Prime Ministers

Name Tutor Course Date The Roles and Achievements of Prime Ministers John a Macdonald and Laurier Sir John a MacDonald was the first prime minister of Canada and was the dominant representative of the Canadian confederation. He was born on the 11th January 1815 and passed on 6th June. His term in office was 18 years long which places him to the second longest serving prime minister in Canada. He is the only one to ever win six majority governments (Hennessy 12). As for Sir Wilfrid Laurier, he was the seventh prime minister, Born on 20th November 1841 and passed on on the 17th February 1919. He was the first francophone prime minister and was considered one of the countries superb statesmen. As compared to his counter part John a MacDonald, sir Wilfrid was also in the list of the longest serving prime ministers in Canada although him coming in as position four. Sir Wilfrid also contributed to the expanding of the confederation. Sir John MacDonald was born in Glasgow Scotland was the third in a family of five while Sir Wilfrid laurier was born in Saint-lin Canada East and was the 7th generation of his family. MacDonald’s parents decided that he should become a lawyer after his completion of schooling. It was a great choice for a boy who seemed to really admire studying and beside that he had an urgent to start earning cash in order to support his family since his fathers business ventures were failing. As compared to Macdonald Lauriers’ father was well up and by the age of eleven he was sent to study in new Glasgow. Macdonald had a rather sorrowful and tragedous private life. When Sir Macdonald first came into office he was faced with major opposition. Nova Scotia was already threatening to withdraw from the confederation; the Anglo-American relationships were in a poor state. In 1867 the first general elections were held and this is where MacDonald had his first major achievement. He was able to bring together Nova Scotia New Brunswick and the province of lower and Upper Canada to form the state of Canada of which guaranteed him election stress free. MacDonald’s main vision was to enlarge the country and bring it together in unity. Under his rule he rought British Colombia, PIE, and great North West territories into Canada all this for ? 300,000 (about $11,500,000 in modern Canadian dollars). Macdonald’s still biggest achievement as a prime minister was the building of the Trans continental railway which was completed in 1891 (Leonardo 219). He also managed to create a god relationship with the United States rising to the challenge of the Northwest rebellion and his balancing of French and English interests in accept able terms for most. Sir Wilfrid Laurier is known to have had a number of accomplishments as a prime minister. To begin with he was able to establish the department of labour and external affairs, he also managed to recruit immigrants into the west, and in 1905 he oversaw the creation of two provinces Alberta and Saskatchewan into the confederation which saw the creation of the last two provinces in the Northwest Territories (Picknett, Prince, Prior & Brydon 290). He also saw the beginning of the two new transcontinental railways although the project was filled with scandals. He also made a deal with the united state for lower rates on natural products. The two prime ministers are to date considered being the greatest of all time. This Great statesmen had a couple of similarities if we scrutinses them properly. One similarity was that both of them were students of law. MacDonald studied law in Toronto where he traveled by boat whereas sir Wilfrid studied law in New Glasgow. These two men had a vision of the expansion of the country of Canada since both of them contributed to the increase of the confederation. Sir MacDonald helped bring the provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick together in 1867 to form Canada while Sir Wilfrid Laurier had the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan created in 1905 which saw the last spit of the Northwest Territories. Sir Macdonald oversaw the establishments of the first transcontinental railway and Sir Wilfred Laurier also oversaw the establishment of tow more transcontinental. Sir MacDonald negotiated the relation ship with the United States and this was also exhibited by sir Wilfrid. The above similarities signify that both of the prime ministers were both devoted and dedicated to the development of Canada. These similarities only signify their similarities in ensuring a proper Canada but these two men had other similarities because they were both the first in whatever they did. MacDonald was the Prime minister of Canada while Sir Wilfrid Laurier was the first francophone prime minister. In the common life Sir MacDonald and sir laurier had a couple of differences . Sir MacDonald came from a family that was not all that well up as compare do to sir Wilfred, he studied law in order to be able to put a meal on his families table since all his fathers ventures were crumbling as compared to Wilfred who studied Law as his passion. Sir Wilfred and Sir MacDonald left a legacy in Canada and are both commemorated in big ways. Both of them have the pleasure of having holidays celebrated in their hournor; they both have avenues named in their respect such as the Laurier Avenue. These two statesmen had very minimal similarities and difference and these was due to their characters but both will live to be legends as far as Canada is concerned. Works Cited Hennessy, Peter. Prime Ministers: The Office and its Holders since 1945. Cambridge: Cambridge Press, 2001. Leonardo, Gordon. Review of Prosperity and Misery in Modern Bengal: The Famine of 1923–1944. American Historical Review, 88. 4 (1983): 218 – 230. Picknett, Lynn, Prince, Clive, Prior, Stephen, and Brydon, Robert. War of the Windsors: A Century of Unconstitutional Monarchy. Chicago: Mainstream Publishing, 2002.

World Reaction to European Expansion between 1700 and 1900

In the 18th century, there was an increased urge in Europe to venture abroad, to discover, explore lands that as yet remained unknown. Part of the need to go beyond the boundaries of Europe was rooted in the industrial revolution that had begun to take place at the time. Machines such as the steam engine were being built and this greatly facilitated transportation. There was also improved ocean going vessels which facilitated for the European explorers venturing further away from home.The creation of cotton mills meant that European nations had to look abroad more extensively so as to expand markets. The Industrial revolution and the response of the world In the 18th and 19th centuries, Europe was the world power to reckon with. The industrial revolution started in Great Britain and it was facilitated by several factors. One is that Britain had large deposits of coal and adequate supply of water that was needed to run the machines such as steam engines. Britain also had the plus of d eposits of iron ore that was needed to make this machinery and tools.She had an internal water system that facilitated the transportation of people and goods as well as a good ports and harbors that facilitated international trade. To cap it all up, she had a sound banking system which meant that projects could be financed and an established government that provided the foundation for a thriving business environment (Brown, 1991). There were several and diverse implications for industrialization and the European expansion, which, predates even the industrial revolution (Ringrose, 1998).The revolution was just a means to hasten European occupation of distant lands abroad. Even in the earlier centuries, Britain had made frays into Asia as she sought trade routes that would enable her to access the abundant riches of China’s silk. The Spaniards were at the same time trying to find their way into Latin America where they expediently eliminated the native Indians and replaced them with African slaves. This was Europe’s story, replicated by the French, Dutch and Portuguese in different parts of the world. For Africa, India and Australia, the European expansion meant colonization.While in earlier times European nations had had only a singular interest in Africa, that of being a ready source of slaves who were at the time considered a price commodity, industrialization brought a change because Africa was now seen as a source for raw materials needed in European factories as well as a ready market for the finished products. The Berlin conference of 1814 saw to the scramble and partition of Africa among European colonial powers with the largest shares going to the strongest, then Great Britain (Aldcroft & Rodger, 1984).Not only was Europe seen as the world’s centre for trade and commerce, but it was also perceived to be the intellectual headquarters of the civilized world. From the mid 18th century when the age of enlightenment had truly began to ta ke hold, there were physical as well as intellectual and moral revolutions going on concurrently. Philosophers and other great thinkers in all fields called for the denunciation of tenets that preciously had been taken for granted and without question, as they said that reason has to reign supreme.Institutions that had once upon a time been regarded as being beyond reproach such as the church and the nobility were all subjected to intense scrutiny that at times found them wanting. Here is where the seeds of activism first germinated. From this would later arise the spirits of capitalism, feminism, civil rights movements and calls to nationalism in which the whole world would follow suite (Brown, 1991). However there were negative ramifications from the European invasion that was so all-encompassing.The most obvious is that there was the creation of a class where the Europeans were cast in the light of being superior to the natives. The natives themselves had to be subdued and shown their rightful place. This often resulted in the native’s loss of freedom and inhumane treatments against him. The natives were often cast out of their own lands if the Europeans were interested in the natural resources that abounded there. The natives were then pushed into restricted marginalized areas where their movements could be monitored. They became prisoners within their own homelands (Ringrose, 1998).Another negative impact was the abolishment of existing political and legal systems that had been established by the natives to be replaced by the Europeans own which they felt was superior and hence much better. There was the intent destruction of cultural practices that had been in place for centuries because the Europeans had found them to be barbaric or uncivilized (Eltis, 1987). European expansion resulted in the colonization of several countries of the world that lasted for over a century or more, in some regions of the world (Aldcroft & Rodger, 1984).Of course the industrial revolution brought about better standards of living for all, but the way in which European nations tried to assert their influence by taking forceful control of the geographical regions of the world from which they felt they would most benefits with impunity, was more barbaric than the hedonistic tribal practices that they condemned so strongly. It is only because the European nations were much stronger than those they sought to conquer that they were able to get away with the actions that they carried out in the 19th century periods.However, just because they got away with it does not mean they do not deserve to be chastised for planting the seeds of economic and racial inequality whose ghosts still haunt our world to date. Conclusion There was an unprecedented rate of change that took place in the two hundred year span between the 18th and 20th centuries that had never before been seen in history. This change took on all the aspects of people’s lifestyles; from how they produced their food, how they got their work done, how they travelled and even how they perceived the world. Though this change had its roots in Europe, its impact was felt throughout the world.From the colonized states of Africa, Asia and Australia, to the great American shores, the influence of European nations was pervasive. Europe as a continent was a fore runner in shaping how the rest of the world would do its commerce, conduct their governments and affairs of state and even to some extent their religious inclinations. The shift in world powers might have placed control in different hands but the impact that Europe had in its heday, is one that is still being felt and seen, and will continue to be felt and seen for many generations yet.Cited works David Eltis, Economic growth and the ending of the transatlantic slave trade Oxford University Press US, 1987 David R. Ringrose, Spain, Europe, and the â€Å"Spanish miracle†, 1700-1900, Cambridge University Press, 19 98 Derek Howard Aldcroft & Richard Rodger, Bibliography of European economic and social history, Manchester University Press ND, 1984 Richard Brown, Society and Economy in Modern Britain 1700-1850 Routledge, New York 1991

Judith Guest’s “Ordinary People”

Ordinary People Ordinary People by Judith Guest is the story of a dysfunctional family who relate to one another through a series of extensive defense mechanisms, i. e. an unconscious process whereby reality is distorted to reduce or prevent anxiety. The book opens with seventeen year old Conrad, son of upper middle-class Beth and Calvin Jarrett, home after eight months in a psychiatric hospital, there because he had attempted suicide by slashing his wrists. His mother is a meticulously orderly person who, Jared, through projection, feels despises him. She does all the right things; attending to Jared's physical eeds, keeping a spotless home, plays golf and bridge with other women in her social circle, but, in her own words â€Å"is an emotional cripple†. Jared's father, raised in an orphanage, seems anxious to please everyone, a commonplace reaction of individuals who, as children, experienced parental indifference or inconsistency. Though a successful tax attorney, he is jumpy around Conrad, and, according to his wife, drinks too many martinis. Conrad seems consumed with despair. A return to normalcy, school and home-life, appear to be more than Conrad can handle. Chalk-faced, hair-hacked Conrad seems bent on erpetuating the family myth that all is well in the world. His family, after all, â€Å"are people of good taste. They do not discuss a problem in the face of the problem. And, besides, there is no problem. † Yet, there is not one problem in this family but two – Conrad's suicide and the death by drowning of Conrad's older brother, Buck. Conrad eventually contacts a psychiatrist, Dr. Berger, because he feels the â€Å"air is full of flying glass† and wants to feel in control. Their initial sessions together frustrate the psychiatrist because of Conrad's inability to express his feelings. Berger cajoles him into expressing his emotions by saying, â€Å"That's what happens when you bury this junk, kiddo. It keeps resurfacing. Won't leave you alone. † Conrad's slow but steady journey towards healing seems partially the result of cathartic revelations which purge guilt feelings regarding his brother's death and his family's denial of that death, plus the â€Å"love of a good woman. Jeannine, who sings soprano to Conrad's tenor†¦ There is no doubt that Conrad is consumed with guilt, â€Å"the feeling one has when one acts contrary to a role he has assumed while interacting with a ignificant person in his life,† This guilt engenders in Conrad feelings of low self esteem. Survivors of horrible tragedies, such as the Holocaust, frequently express similar feelings of worthlessness. In his book, â€Å"Against All Odds†, William Helmreich relates how one survivor articulates a feeling of abandonment. â€Å"Did I abandon them, or did they abandon me? † Conrad expresses a similar thought in remembering the sequence of events when the sailboat they were on turned over. Buck soothes Conrad saying, â€Å"Okay, okay. They'll be looking now, for sure, just hang on, don't get tired, promise? In an imagined conversation ith his dead brother, Conrad asks, â€Å"‘Man, why'd you let go? ‘ ‘Because I got tired. ‘ ‘The hell! You never get tired, not before me, you don't! You tell me not to get tired, you tell me to hang on, and then you let go! ‘ ‘I couldn't help it. Well, screw you, then! ‘† Conrad feels terrible anger with his brother, but cannot comfortably express that anger. His psychiatrist, after needling Conrad, asks, â€Å"Are you mad? When Conrad responds that he is not mad, the psychiatrist says, â€Å"Now that is a lie. You are mad as hell. † Conrad asserts that, â€Å"When you let yourself feel, all you feel is lousy. † When his psychiatrist questions im about his relationship with his mother, Calvin says, â€Å"My mother and I do not connect. Why should it bother me? My mother is a very private person. † This sort of response is called, in psychological literature, â€Å"rationalization†. We see Conrad's anger and aggression is displaced, i. e. vented on another, as when he physically attacked a schoolmate. Yet, he also turns his anger on himself and expresses in extreme and dangerous depression and guilt. â€Å"Guilt is a normal emotion felt by most people, but among survivors it takes on special meaning. Most feel guilty about the death of loved ones whom they feel they could ave, or should have, saved. Some feel guilty about situations in which they behaved selfishly (Conrad held on to the boat even after his brother let go), even if there was no other way to survive. In answer to a query from his psychiatrist on when he last got really mad, Conrad responds, â€Å"When it comes, there's always too much of it. I don't know how to handle it. † When Conrad is finally able to express his anger, Berger, the psychiatrist says to Calvin, â€Å"Razoring is anger; self-mutilation is anger. So this is a good sign; turning his anger outward at last. † Because his family, and especially his mother, frowns upon ublic displays of emotion, Conrad keeps his feelings bottled up, which further contributes to depression. Encyclopedia Britannica, in explicating the dynamics of depression states, â€Å"Upon close study, the attacks on the self are revealed to be unconscious expressions of disappointment and anger toward another person, or even a circumstance†¦ deflected from their real direction onto the self. The aggression, therefore, directed toward the outside world is turned against the self. † The article further asserts that, â€Å"There are three cardinal psychodynamic considerations in depression: (1) a deep sense of loss of what is oved or valued, which may be a person, a thing or even liberty; (2) a conflict of mixed feelings of love and hatred toward what is loved or highly valued; (3) a heightened overcritical concern with the self. † Conrad's parents are also busily engaged in the business of denial. Calvin, Conrad's father, says, â€Å"Don't worry. Everything is all right. By his own admission, he drinks too much, â€Å"because drinking helps†¦ , deadening the pain†. Calvin cannot tolerate conflict. Things must go smoothly. â€Å"Everything is jello and pudding with you, Dad. † Calvin, the orphan says, â€Å"Grief is ugly. It is something to be afraid of, to get id of†. â€Å"Safety and order. Definitely the priorities of his life. He constantly questions himself as to whether or not he is a good father. â€Å"What is fatherhood, anyway? Beth, Conrad's mother, is very self-possessed. She appears to have a highly developed super-ego, that part of an individual's personality which is â€Å"moralistic†¦ , meeting the demands of social convention, which can be irrational in requiring certain behaviors in spite of reason, convenience and common sense†. She is furthermore, a perfectionist. â€Å"Everything had to be perfect, never mind the impossible hardship it worked on her, on hem all. † Conrad is not unlike his mother. He is an overachiever, an â€Å"A† student, on the swim team and a list-maker. His father tells the psychiatrist, â€Å"I see her not being able to forgive him. For surviving, maybe. No, that's not it, for being too much like her. † A psychoanalyst might call her anal retentive. Someone who is â€Å"fixated symbolically in orderliness and a tendency toward perfectionism†. â€Å"Excessive self-control, not expressing feelings, guards against anxiety by controlling any expression of emotion and denying emotional investment in a thing or person. â€Å"She had not cried at the funeral†¦. She and Conrad had been strong and calm throughout. The message of the book is contained in Berger's glib saying that, â€Å"People who keep stiff upper lips find that it's damn hard to smile†. We see Conrad moving toward recovery and the successful management of his stage of development, as articulated by Erikson, â€Å"intimacy vs. isolation†. At story end, his father is more open with Conrad, moving closer to him, while his mother goes off on her own to work out her issues. Both trying to realize congruence in their development stage (Erikson), â€Å"ego integrity vs. despair†.

Memorandum-Statement of Cash Flows Essay

Memorandum To:Stockholders of Carpino Company CC:Ms. Lydia Money, Chief Executive Officer From:W. E. Count, Financial Analyst Date:10/5/13 Re:Corporate Financial Position/Statement of Cash Flows I have been charged to examine the Financial Statements of Carpino Company for the purpose of providing an objective opinion regarding organizational capacity to generate sufficient cash to continue as a going concern. Toward that end, I have examined financial statements and have prepared the attached Statement of Cash Flows for the Year Ended January 31, 2007. I am pleased to inform Carpino Company stockholders that your company has successfully begun the transition from the introductory phase to the growth phase of operations and your prospects for continued financial growth are excellent. Carpino Company’s Statement of Cash Flows confirms that the organization enjoyed a high performing first year of operations with a net increase of cash of $105,000. Substantial investments were made in the purchase of productive assets during Year One totally an amount of $410,000. These assets will support and facilitate growth efforts going forward. Rest assured that expenditures for inventory will decrease significantly beginning with Year Two, with primarily repair and upgrade expenditures being incurred. Stock issues were made for the purchase of productive assets in the amount of $10,000. Carpino used $325,000 in investing activities in the hopes to create higher capital in the future. This financing debt has likewise peaked during Year One. In spite of the cash outlays required to sufficiently introduce and sale your brand. Carpino experienced a net increase in cash of $105,000.00 at the end of Year One. Doing so speaks of outstanding management of company resources and is highly commendable. Carpino Company is now positioned for tremendous growth and the generation of increased cash flows. As stockholders, you should be pleased with the foundation on which Carpino Company has been built. The organization is poised for great success in the foreseeable future. By closely monitoring financial operations and analysis of the Statement of Cash Flows, you should expect to experience stable and profitable operations for many years to come. Thank you. Sincerely, W. E. Count, Financial Analyst Carpino Company Statement of Cash Flows For the year ended January 31st, 2007

The Changes in American Foreign Policy at the Turn of the 20th Century Essay

The Changes in American Foreign Policy at the Turn of the 20th Century - Essay Example In addition to US political, social and economic influence on other countries, foreign policy also covers humanitarian, military, and ideological concerns. This paper seeks to discuss the changes in American foreign policy at the turn of the 20th century. Controlling territories and political alliances During the initial years of the 20th century, United States had less imperial powers as compared to European countries. In order to gain control over other territories including Philippines, Cuba, and Spain, US resulted into war. However, the occurrence of great depression in 1930s weakened the US military strength. This made the country to lack ability to retaliate when Pearl Harbor was struck by Japan in 1941. One of the major initiatives that made US to be involved in European affairs was the World War 1. A major change in US foreign policy was experienced after World War II. After the war, US led in establishing United Nations that was focused at restoring peace in the world and av oiding occurrence of another World War (James 36). Even though US emulated the aspect of isolationist after World War 1, the country was again involved in European affairs when it initiated Marshall Plan that aimed at restoring the political strength of European countries. In addition to the creation of UN, US also established other political alliances such as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). One of the major implications on the alliances was creation of strong relationship between US and foreign countries resulting to political and economic growth in many countries. Containment of the Soviet Union The economic, ideological and military competition that existed between Soviet Union and US, led to the creation of massive nuclear weapons. Even though the two countries did not go to war, the strategy of containing the communism and the Soviet Union resulted to the involvement of US in the Vietnam and Korean (James 17). US leadership In order to ensure democracy in US and other countries, United States emulated effective leadership styles. The responsibility of Theodore Roosevelt in building US and controlling other countries cannot be ignored. For example, during the establishment of Panama Canal, Colombian government resisted the US move to make the canal enter the Republic of Colombia. However, even though Roosevelt who was then US president had the power to fight Colombia government, he did not directly go to war with Colombia but supported Panama to fight Colombia as the former sought for independence. The diplomacy depicted by Roosevelt is evident when he led in the negotiation between Russia and Japan in 1905 that resulted to the end of war between the two countries. The leadership style adopted by Roosevelt had a positive implication on the US and other countries culture in that it portrayed the importance of recognizing the importance of emulating negotiation to solve cultural conflicts that are experienced in many countries especially third world nations. Gulf invasion The invasion of Iraq by US in 1990 was not only based on the annexation of Kuwait by Iraq but also it was due to other political and economic reasons (Hiro 23). Due to the high amount of oil in Saudi Arabia, US wanted to support Saudi Arabia in order to benefit from the oil supplies from Saudi Arabia. In addition, the abuse of human rights by President Saddam propelled the invasion of Iraq by US. As a result of the Gulf conflict, the economy of many countries was affected regardless

Case Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Case - Assignment Example In this case, competition is rife and a good image is likely to create a competitive advantage for St Margaret’s Hospital. 2. The issue related to brand name is that there is a general feeling that the name Margaret is old fashioned and is no longer commonly used. However, the brand name should not be changed for good reasons that include the following. This is a church owned institution and this should be reflected in the name of the hospital. The name itself makes the hospital distinct from other healthcare institutions operating in this particular area. If the name is changed, people may be confused hence it should be maintained for the sake of the people who identify with the catholic mission. 3. Mary should focus on the core services offered by the institution and attention should be given to the fact that this institution is not for profit. This helps to attract people if there is a clear distinction from other competitors in the same sector. Mary should also try to target competent medical personnel to join the institution so as to improve its reputation as a force to reckon with in the health care profession. The advertisements should target the less privileged people in society so as to make a distinction between the catholic hospital and other institutions that are for profit making. This differentiation strategy is advantageous in the targeted people can easily identify with their preferred institution for all their medical requirements. 4. St Margaret’s hospital should pursue activities that are socially responsible in the communities they operate so as to build a strong and positive corporate image. The institution should engage in activities that are meant to benefit the less privileged members of the society so as to appeal to the interests of many people. Since this is a not for profit organization, the institution should try to offer free medication to people with special cases who cannot afford to pay for their medical expenses.

Introduction To Pre-Negotiation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Introduction To Pre-Negotiation - Essay Example According to William Zartman, a leading scholar of international negotiations, Pre-negotiation begins when one or more parties considers negotiation as a policy option and communicates this intention to other parties. It ends when the parties agree to formal negotiations, or when one party abandons the consideration of negotiation as an option. In essential terms, pre-negotiation is the span of time and activity in which the parties move from conflicting unilateral solutions for a mutual problem to a joint search for cooperative multilateral or joint solutions. It is the diagnostic phase of negotiation. (Dr. Plamen Pantev., Negotiating in the Balkans: The Pre-negotiation Perspective. National Security and the Future Volume One, Number 1, 2000). Jane Gross Stein has differentiated between the pre-negotiation and actual negotiation, 'Pre-negotiation was generally characterized by important structuring activity. It set broad boundaries, identified the participants, and, in at least half the cases, specified the agenda for negotiation. Even in those cases where it produced only a rough outline of the agenda, it nevertheless reduced uncertainty and complexity by establishing what would be kept off the table. In every case, pre-negotiation framed the problem and set the limits of the negotiation to follow. According to Brain W. ... iation includes identification of the problem, search for the feasible option, and reflect commitment towards negotiations, agreement to negotiate, and setting the parameters. (Dr. Plamen Pantev, Negotiating in the Balkans: The Pre-negotiation Perspective. National Security and the Future Volume One, Number 1, 2000). STAGES OF PRE-NEGOTIATION Irrespective of the nature of the dispute, the mediator and facilitator struggles to help the parties to reach an understanding with reference to procedural and structural questions, before the commence of formal negotiation process. This practice has several advantages as it provides the parties with sense and chance of success on the preliminary round. It is important to workout the procedural and structural questions so that the reluctant party can be understood the worth and significance of the practice and association. The objective of the pre-negotiation is to acquire the commitment of the parties to negotiate their differences and concerns. The objective is achieved by identifying the eliminating the obstacles to negotiations. There can be series of differences and obstacles which are likely to hinder the pace and prospects of pre-negotiation. The main hindrance is often that the parties fail to organize the negotiation in the required manner. There is possibility of existence of differences which is likely to turn the group unable to organize itself and present a consistent set of interests. Another obstacle is likely to be the lack of credible representative or spokesperson on the behalf of respective parties. There are likely to be many other substantial hurdles prior to the commencement of negotiation. Similarly the opening phase of the negotiation is likely to be problematic as well. Problems can be experienced

General Electric (GE) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

General Electric (GE) - Assignment Example There are numerous core competencies and capabilities of the company which act as the major drivers of success and sustainability of the business in the global corporate segment. The success of General Electric has been rooted to the use of effective corporate and strategic management systems in the business. The company has also been revitalised from time to time through the induction of adopting and self-confidence tools like Change Acceleration Process (CAP) to different types of business units in the various industries of operation for the segments of the conglomerate (Chaffee, 2005). General Electric was the first ever company in the global frontier which systematically applied multiple strategic and corporate management concepts and strategies simultaneously within the business verticals. The success and strong performance of GE has also been driven by other factors like strong corporate portfolio management functions, management of talent and movement of ideas (Cameron, 2012). The adoption of three key companywide performed and growth initiatives including Six Sigma Quality, services and globalization have enabled GE to integrate higher levels of sustainability in the business. Another core capability of the company is that many of the large business segments of the business are able to differentiate their outputs with the production of high quality goods and services while at the same time controlling the costs of operations incurred for per unit of the produced goods.