Get the Scoop on Gates Essay Samples Before Youre Too Late

Get the Scoop on Gates Essay Samples Before You're Too Late When you're writing your research paper's introduction, you ought to be building it around a particular outline that supplies a general review of the paper. When picking a high school essay format, the initial step is to spot the kind of essay you want to write. There's numerous essays completed by them. These examples can explain how to compose an impressive essay, and the way to use proper transitions to continue to keep your story on track. You must find the proper resources for your essay together with patience when finding the proper inspiration to write. Our objective is to supply you with a professionally written essay on the subject you require. So so long as you've got the author's name and the title of the books you have read you ought to be just fine. Today Gates is among the wealthiest men on earth. The very first week at High School wasn't entirely the very best. Gates Essay Samples and Gates Essay Samples - The Perfect Combination This does not need to be a great challenge. Money Money is a typical reason for not pursuing your objective. Let's say your topic is to go over an extracurricular activity that has played a massive effect on your life. Simply take just a little time to re assess your target and consider what your alternatives are now. Gates also was not reluctant to take risks. Two years later he was deducted and began to create the software. Through this, he has managed to ensure the e ffectiveness of operations at the company. Through its visionary leadership, he has projected the best way of helping the underprivileged to overcome the problem of poor health. Make sure that you own a transcript that has the course names, the credits and grades. Writing of scholarship graduate essay is an incredibly tough academic task simply because students need to demonstrate they are capable of accomplishing the task that they're applying for. Writing an Ethical Argument This document is meant to be an instructional resource for students or instructors who need to learn more about the way to compose an ethical argument. Writing of graduate essays is simply one of the services which we provide to people who want quality scholarships. Gates Essay Samples - Is it a Scam? From that point, you would attempt to demonstrate that the action which you're claiming to be unethical somehow violates that moral obligation. From that point, your task for a writer would be to demonst rate that the action which you're claiming is ethical improves human well-being. You would then have to offer an argument which demonstrates that a distinct mind-independent moral obligation exists. You would have to first provide an argument for the presence of mind-independent moral obligations. High school is a crucial time in the life span of young folks. As a consequence, you get a good deal of free time and completed homework. The key thing with these test isn't only getting the right answers, but doing it all in a genuine testing atmosphere. The Basic Principles of Gates Essay Samples You Will be Able to Benefit From Starting Immediately Public high schools have their very own fair share of issues and in the event the student isn't careful, they could wind up in a massive mess. Many people think that high school entrance essays are rather less difficult to write than college entrance essays, that is the reason there are fewer places where you could get assistance wit h higher school entrance essays. High school students need to compose essays on a number of topics which at first may appear to have nothing in common. Fully being a happy high school student wouldn't be possible without my loved ones. Some of the greatest research paper introduction samples incorporate primary resources supporting the argument or research of the issue. Now, a few of these sites offer you these services for free while some offer packages which include many functions and features. There are many ways to acquire new details. Other forms of information which colleges might start looking for is a bit more varied.

Is Software Engineering A Multi Disciplinary Field

ABSTRACT Using qualitative methods and a qualitative analytical framework, it was found that communication and cooperation are the critical factors in developing large-scale software systems. Given the importance of this observation, it is perhaps surprising that research publications using qualitative methods are still scarce. Therefore, my goal in creating this paper is to make existing qualitative methods more visible and further the understanding of qualitative research and its importance in the software engineering community. This paper presents several qualitative methods for data collection and analysis and describes them in terms of how they might be incorporated into empirical studies of software engineering, in particular how†¦show more content†¦For various reasons, systematic empirical studies employing strictly scientific methods are hardly practiced in software engineering. Thus there is an unquestioned need for developing improved and better-qualified empirical methods , for their application in practice and for dissemination of the results. e.g., for planning, performing, analyzing, and reporting such studies. A range of research approaches can generate different and richer information about a complex phenomenon such as software development. In particular, qualitative research methods have been advocated in this regard, although they still occupy a relatively marginal position in software engineering research compared to quantitative methods. The reason that qualitative methods are used so infrequently in software engineering lies in its foundations as a scientific and engineering discipline. An inherited technical interest in improving practice is associated with a preference for quantitative research approaches that lend themselves to measuring causal relationships for successful software process improvement. However, studying software engineering is a complex undertaking not just because of its technical aspects, but also â€Å"from the awkward intersection of machine and human capabilities, and from the central role of human behavior in software development† (Seaman 1999, p.557).

Essay On Nuclear Submarines Example For Students

Essay On Nuclear Submarines The Evolution of the Sumarine Due to WarThe submarine is an extreamly useful tactical tool. Bred through war, the submarine is one of the most advanced covert weapons technologies today. The submarine is a ship designed and built to travel under water. A true submarine spends the majority of time under water and is capable of staying under water indefinaltely(Rush 140). The only true submarine today is the nuclear sub. The first true submarine is the U.S.S nautilus(Rush 141). There are two main types of war affiliated submarines, attack submarines and ballistic missile submarines. The attack submarine is designed to seek and destroy enemy submarines and surface ships. The much larger ballistic missile submarine is designed to carry multiple warheads to attack enemy cities and military facilities ashore(Polmar 748). The submarine origionated over 2,000 years ago when Alexander the great went below the Mediteranian Sea in a glass barrel(Wyckoff 13). Submarines were toyed with by scientists through the years but not many uses were found for the concept of a submersable until the revolutionary war. The first attack submarine was the Turtle, designed by a student at Yale university by the name of David Bushnell, its purpose was to sink a British war ship in New York Harbor(Polmar 750). Its mission was a failure but none the less was the first attempt to sink a ship with a submersable(Polmar 750). The first success was made durring the Civil War(Polmar 750). The Confederate sub Hunley rammed the Union ship Housatonic in Charleston Harbor, and both the Hunley and the Housatonic sank(Polmar 750). The Hunleys weapon consisted of an explosive at the end of a long pole wich was to be set off when in close enough proximity to the ship it was to attack(Polmar 750). The submarine has advanced dramaticly due to war. The first major advancement in submarine technology is the invention of a gasoline and batery powered submarine by John P. Holland(Polmar 750). This ship was bought by the US Navy in 1900 and named the U.S.S Holland(Polmar 750). The U.S.S Holland was capable of speeds of 6 knots submerged(Polmar 750). The gasoline and battery powered combination allowed for submarines to run on gasoline while surfaced, and by battery power when submerged and combustion was no longer possable without wasting valuable oxogen within the submarine. The next leap in the technological development of the submarine was the periscope developed by Simon Lake in 1902(Polmar 750). The periscope allowed a submarine to site distant targets by use of a magnifying lense. A few years later the diesel and battery powered submarine was developed in Great Brittan(Polmar 751). The diesel submarine was cheeper to operate, more powerful, and produced less dangerous fumes th an gasoline powered submarines. The majority of submarines were diesel until the next revolution in submarine technology, the nuclear powered submarine. Although submarines were used extensivey durring WWI and WWII, the greatest advances were made to submarine technology,as well as other technologies due to the submarine, during WWII. The submarine was used extensively by the german military durring both WWI and WWII, and became a major threat to enemy millitary, as well as merchant, ships. This increased the rate at wich technology was developed both to aid and to destroy the submarine. An example of an advancement in technology, related to the submarine, is that of a device employed by the German military, for German submarines, or U-boats (Unterseebooten), is the snorkel(Botting 161). The idea of a snorkel had been around for quite some time however was not well devoloped until the Germans took intrest(Botting 161). The snorkel allowed for submarines to run their engines while submerged. Until the germans modified it, the snorkel was little more than a hose kept out of the water by a float(Botting 161). The germans perfected the s norkel by using a rigid telocopic pipe rather than a flexable hose and by using a float on the inlet so that if the U-Boat dipped too far under water, it would close the inlet preventing the water form entering the combustion engine(Botting 161). Two technologies wich were developed because of the threat by German U-boats are radar, allready in use by the allies to search for and track airplanes, and sonar, a new technology. To counter allied radar the Germans placed a rubber mesh acrost their snorkels to make detection more difficult(Rush 50). .u55b34566df9bdfb39612d3e314147f93 , .u55b34566df9bdfb39612d3e314147f93 .postImageUrl , .u55b34566df9bdfb39612d3e314147f93 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u55b34566df9bdfb39612d3e314147f93 , .u55b34566df9bdfb39612d3e314147f93:hover , .u55b34566df9bdfb39612d3e314147f93:visited , .u55b34566df9bdfb39612d3e314147f93:active { border:0!important; } .u55b34566df9bdfb39612d3e314147f93 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u55b34566df9bdfb39612d3e314147f93 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u55b34566df9bdfb39612d3e314147f93:active , .u55b34566df9bdfb39612d3e314147f93:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u55b34566df9bdfb39612d3e314147f93 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u55b34566df9bdfb39612d3e314147f93 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u55b34566df9bdfb39612d3e314147f93 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u55b34566df9bdfb39612d3e314147f93 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u55b34566df9bdfb39612d3e314147f93:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u55b34566df9bdfb39612d3e314147f93 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u55b34566df9bdfb39612d3e314147f93 .u55b34566df9bdfb39612d3e314147f93-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u55b34566df9bdfb39612d3e314147f93:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Path To Power EssayDue to submarines, some of the most incredable advanses in millitarty technology have been made. Invoked by necesity and the desire to conquer these technologies advenced at extreemy fast paces. From offence to deffence to the insurance of covert operation submarine advancements only slowed in times of peace. Many of these technologies, such as sonar, have found there ways to research ocupations. One questoins wether these advancements would ever have been achieved if not for the sake of the competition of war.Words/ Pages : 843 / 24

Microsurgery Essays - Surgery, Oral And Maxillofacial Surgery

Microsurgery A man came into the emergency ward at one o'clock. His thumb came in an hour later. The surgeon's job: get them back together. The successful re-attaching of fingers to hand requires long hours of painstaking work in microsurgery. In the operating room , the surgeon doesn't stand, but sits in a chair that supports her body. Her arm is cradled by a pillow. Scalpels are present as are other standard surgical tools, but the suture threads are almost invisible, the needle thinner than a human hair. And all the surgical activity revolves around the most important instument, the microscope. The surgeon will spend the next few hours looking through the microscope at broken blood vessels and nerves and sewing them back together again. The needles are so thin that they have to be held with needlenosed jeweller's forceps and will sew together nerves that are as wide as the thickness of a penny. To make such a stitch, the surgeon's hands will move no more than the width of the folded side of a piece of paper seen end on! Imagine trying to sew two pieces of spaghetti together and you'll have some idea of what microsurgery involves. Twenty-five years ago, this man's thumb would have been lost. But in the 1960s, surgeon's began using microscopes to sew what previously had been almost invisible blood vessels and nerves in limbs. Their sewing technique had been developed on large blood vessels over a half century earlier but could not be used in microsurgery until the needles and sutures became small enough. The surgical technique, still widely used today, had taken the frustrating unreliability out of sewing slippery, round-ended blood vessels by ingeniously turning them into triangles. To do this, a cut end of a blood vessel was stitched at three equidistant points and pulled slightly apart to give an anchored, triangular shape. This now lent itself to easier, more dependable stitching and paved the way for microsurgery where as many as twenty stitches will have to be made in a blood vessel three millimetres thick. The needle used for this can be just 70 millimetres wide, only ten times the width of a human blood cell. All this technology is focused on getting body parts back together again successfully. The more blood vessels reattached, the better the survival chances for a toe or a finger. The finer the nerve resection, the better the feeling in a damaged part of the face, or control in a previously useless arm. But the wounded and severed body part must be treated carefully. If a small part of the body, such as a finger is cut off, instead of torn, wrapped in a clean covering, put on ice and then reattached within a few hours, the chance of success is over ninety percent, as long as one good artery and one good vein can be reattached. Not only is micro surgery allowing body parts to be reattached, it's also allowing them to be reshuffled. Before 1969, nothing could be done for you if you'd had your thumb smashed beyond repair. But in the past 14 years, you would have been in luck, if your feet were intact. Every year in North America, hundreds of big toes are removed from feet and grafted onto hands. Sometimes tendons are shifted from less important neighbouring fingers to allow the thumb to work better in its unique role of opposing the other fingers and allowing us to grip. While we in North America can live without our big toes and never really miss them, people in Japan can't. They need their big toes to keep the common footwear, the clog, on their feet. So their second toe is taken instead. Farmers, labourers car accident victims and home handymen are the people most often helped by microsurgery replants. And because blood vessels are being reattached, burn victims can now benefit. Flaps of their healthy skin are laboriously reattached more successfully, blood vessel by blood vessel, to increase chances that the graft will take. Some women, whose diseased Fallopian tubes have become blocked, can have them reopened mic rosurgically. When a cancerous esophagus must be removed, it can be replaced using a

The Noble Experiment - 1920 - Prohibition Essays - Free Essays

The Noble Experiment - 1920 - Prohibition Essays - Free Essays The Noble Experiment - 1920 - Prohibition In 1920 congress began what was called The Noble Experiment. This experiment began with the signing of the eighteenth amendment of the constitution into law. It was titled by society as Prohibition. Websters dictionary defines prohibition as: A prohibiting, the forbidding by law of the manufacture or sale of alcoholic liquors. Prohibition can extend to mean the foreboding of any number of substances. I define it as a social injustice to the human race as we know it. Prohibition was designed to rid the country of businesses that manufactured, sold, and or distributed alcoholic beverages. The eighteenth amendment made it a violation of the constitution to do and of the before mentioned. This was a crime punishable up to the Supreme Court. The original idea was that Americans as a whole were unhealthy, there was too much crime and corruption, and that people were being burdened by excess taxes that poorhouses and prisons were creating. What happened? The cheap alcohol being illegally produced killed more Americans, crime and corruption went up, taxes were raised to fund the law enforcement needed to enforce prohibition, and the prisons became overcrowded. Some would have you believe that crime decreased during prohibition. Well, it did. Crime decreased, as a whole, by 37.7% during prohibition. However violent crime and other serious crimes were up. Theft of property was up 13.2%, homicide was up m16.1%, and robbery was up 83.3%. Minor crimes had decreased though- by 50%. Crimes such as malicious mischief, public swearing, vagrancy, etc. (Dr. Fairbu rn pg 75-80) The prohibition movement did have its fair share of supporters however. The most active in the movement was the Womens Christian Temperance Union. They worked hard in campaigning towards this amendment and gathered, what is now believed today, as to be biased statistics. For example one area that the WCTU attacked was the saloons and in particular the sale of distilled spirits, hard alcohol. The WCTU claimed drinking during prohibition was down 30% as opposed to pre-prohibition. However as a percentage to total alcohol sales the consumption of distilled spirits was up from 50% (pre-prohibition) to an astonishing 89% during prohibition. Most estimates place the potency of prohibition-era products at 150+ percent of the potency of products produced either before or after prohibition (qtd. In Henry Lee 202) Prohibition did not succeed at all. In order for prohibition to achieve what it was set to do it had to meet four specific guidelines. It needs to have a significant decrease in the consumption of alcohol. This did not occur. Secondly after the initial drop, it needed to maintain that low. What did happen was that after the initial drop alcohol consumption rose steadily. Next, the

Copyright Notice and the Use of the Copyright Symbol

Copyright Notice and the Use of the Copyright Symbol A copyright notice or copyright symbol is an identifier placed on copies of the work to inform the world of copyright ownership. While the use of a copyright notice was once required as a condition of copyright protection, it is now optional. Use of the copyright notice is the responsibility of the copyright owner and does not require advance permission from, or registration with the Copyright Office. Because prior law did contain such a requirement, however, the use of a copyright notice or copyright symbol is still relevant to the copyright status of older works. The copyright notice was required under the 1976 Copyright Act. This requirement was eliminated when the United States adhered to the Berne Convention, effective March 1, 1989. Although works published without copyright notice before that date could have entered the public domain in the United States, the Uruguay Round Agreements Act (URAA) restores copyright in certain foreign works originally published without copyright notice. How Is a Copyright Symbol Useful Use of the copyright notice may be important because it informs the public that the work is protected by copyright, identifies the copyright owner, and shows the year of first publication. Furthermore, in the event that a work is infringed, if a proper notice of copyright appears on the published copy or copies to which a defendant in a copyright infringement suit had access, then no weight shall be given to such a defendants defense based on innocent infringement. Innocent infringement occurs when the infringer did not realize that the work was protected. The use of the copyright notice is the responsibility of the copyright owner and does not require advance permission from, or registration with, the Copyright Office. Correct Form for the Copyright Symbol The notice for visually perceptible copies should contain all the following three elements: The copyright symbol  © (the letter C in a circle), or the word Copyright, or the abbreviation Copr.The year of first publication of the work. In the case of compilations or derivative works incorporating previously published material, the year date of first publication of the compilation or derivative work is sufficient. The year date may be omitted where a pictorial, graphic, or sculptural work, with accompanying textual matter, if any, is reproduced in or on greeting cards, postcards, stationery, jewelry, dolls, toys, or any useful article.The name of the owner of copyright in the work, or an abbreviation by which the name can be recognized, or a generally known alternative designation of the owner. Example: copyright  © 2002 John Doe The  © or C in a circle notice or symbol is used only on visually perceptible copies. Phonorecords Certain kinds of works, for example, musical, dramatic, and literary works may be fixed not in copies but by means of sound in an audio recording. Since audio recordings such as audio tapes and phonograph disks are phonorecords and not copies, the C in a circle notice is not used to indicate protection of the underlying musical, dramatic, or literary work that is recorded. Copyright Symbol for Phonorecords of Sound Recordings Sound recordings are defined in the law as works that result from the fixation of a series of musical, spoken, or other sounds, but not including the sounds accompanying a motion picture or other audiovisual work. Common examples include recordings of music, drama, or lectures. A sound recording is not the same as a phonorecord. A phonorecord is a physical object in which works of authorship are embodied. The word phonorecord includes cassette tapes, CDs, records, as well as other formats. The notice for phonorecords embodying a sound recording should contain all the following three elements: The copyright symbol (the letter P in a circle)The year of first publication of the sound recordingThe name of the owner of copyright in the sound recording, or an abbreviation by which the name can be recognized, or a generally known alternative designation of the owner. If the producer of the sound recording is named on the phonorecord label or container and if no other name appears in conjunction with the notice, the producers name shall be considered a part of the notice. Position of Notice The copyright notice should be affixed to copies or phonorecords in such a way as to give reasonable notice of the claim of copyright. The three elements of the notice should ordinarily appear together on the copies or phonorecords or on the phonorecord label or container. Since questions may arise from the use of variant forms of the notice, you may wish to seek legal advice before using any other form of the notice. The 1976 Copyright Act overturned the strict consequences of failure to include copyright notice under prior law. It contained provisions that set out specific corrective steps to cure omissions or certain errors in the copyright notice. Under these provisions, an applicant had 5 years after publication to cure omission of notice or certain errors. Although these provisions are technically still in the law, their impact has been limited by the amendment making notice optional for all works published on and after March 1, 1989. Publications Incorporating United States Government Works Works by the U. S. Government are not eligible for U.S. copyright protection. For works published on and after March 1, 1989, the previous notice requirement for works consisting primarily of one or more U. S. Government works has been eliminated. However, use of a notice on such a work will defeat a claim of innocent infringement as previously described provided the copyright notice also includes a statement that identifies either those portions of the work in which copyright is claimed or those portions that constitute U. S. Government material. Example: copyright  © 2000 Jane Brown.Copyright claimed in Chapters 7-10, exclusive of U. S. Government maps Copies of works published before March 1, 1989, that consist primarily of one or more works of the U. S. Government should have a notice and the identifying statement. Unpublished Works The author or copyright owner may wish to place a copyright notice on any unpublished copies or phonorecords that leave his or her control. Example: Unpublished work  © 1999 Jane Doe

Survey collection website Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Survey collection website - Essay Example In terms of pricing, both websites provide free sign-up for basic features and Pro Sign Up for advanced features. In surveymonkey.com, the Basic feature is free, select feature costs $24 per month, Gold feature costs $299 per year and Platinum costs $779 per year. I designed a survey with surveymonkey.com. The template was very easy to create because it just involved answering questions by selecting one of multiple choices provided. The template was useful because it enabled me to understand the item I was surveying; hence I could make the right decision. The survey was very easy to launch because I just filled some information and submitted; and then it was launched automatically. This might be useful for me in future to survey the market and make the right decision about my target market and the kind of product or service that I can offer in that market. In order to launch the product in real life, I would have needed to complete details of my target audience and the required number of audience to be surveyed. â€Å"Survey Monkey or Zoomerang: How to Choose?† by Susan Barnes is an article that explains the features and benefits of using the two websites. One of the disadvantages of using these features is that respondents are not see n, so they may provide unreliable information. Barnes, S. (2010). Survey Monkey or Zoomerang: How to Choose? Outreach Evaluation Resource Centre, Accessed October 4, 2014 from

Marketing of Centac-200 Compressors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing of Centac-200 Compressors - Essay Example This has resulted in a cost-benefit matrix, covering sizes and types. Capital costs, life expectancy, installation costs, operation and maintenance costs have come to play a significant role in product marketing, customers being knowledgeable and demanding. The new Centac-200 compressors of Ingersoll-Rand (IR) are meant for original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) / direct customer applications. Â  In B2B sales effort for new products, while deciding on the channel(s) of distribution, one needs to analyze the existing marketing operations, demand analysis, and buyer behavior, product segmentation, targeting, positioning, and services marketing. The decision-making process of the potential buyers, their needs and the supplier’s own expectation from the product, are also to be taken into account. At the same time, a supplier like IR has also to sustain the loyalty of the existing distributors, who may feel threatened by the new product impacting their sales, in their own territory. Â  Air compressors are industrial products with a ‘consumer twist’ in the lowest range. IR marketed the smallest compressors (under 5 hp) through its merchandising manager (MM) who in turn appointed manufacturer’s representatives for sales through well-known retail chain stores. Â  Rest of the products are marketed through three channels namely, direct sales force, independent distributors, and company-owned ‘air-centers’. Since the independent distributors also handled competitors’ products, IR followed the policy of direct marketing for the higher range and newer products. The rationale for the direct sale of large size or newer model machines is justified by the buyer behavior.

Capitalist and Social Democracies & Cause Effect Relationship Essay Example for Free

Capitalist and Social Democracies Cause Effect Relationship Essay Quality of Life The quality of life of nation has always been the most important concern of any of the economic as well as the political theories. And there have been a number of parameters that are required to be looked upon so that quality of life of a nation can be explained on a broader scale. Technical financial terms like GDP per person are very much materialistic in characteristic and hence cannot be considered as a sufficient parameter to indicate the current status of the nation’s quality of life. Some of the literatures have made recognizable adjustments in GDP factor by quantifying other important facets that are left behind while considering GDP measure. The other considerable non market activities are social ills, environmental pollution and many others. But this approach has its own difficulties because it requires the assignment of numerical or monetary values to the various factors that constitute of a wider measure of socio-economic wellbeing and hence a number of processes have been developed to figure out a conclusive remark related to the quality of life while depending on a number of factors that make way for the proposed conclusion. The main purpose of all the attempts has been to make out a list of variables that can be considered as a determinant of quality of life. These measures have undergone a number of selection biases and there have been corresponding arbitrariness in those factors which have been chosen to access quality of life. The indicators that represent those factors have been assigned weights so that a single systematic measure could be achieved. The GDP has its own substantive purpose and despite all its shortcomings it has sufficiently been able to depict clear meaning to the prices that have objective weights for the goods and services that make it up. The proposal suggests that the quality of life can be considered as an outcome depending on nine different factors. The factors and the indicators that are used to represent those factors are: 1. Material wellbeing: It depicts the average GDP of a nation i.e., GDP per person or per capita income. Indicator for this factor has been GDP per person, at PPP in $. It quantifies the very material or average prosperity of the nation. This material well-being is also very importance in enabling elderly people especially senior citizens to retain their independence in later life. 2. Health: This factor has its importance while quantifies the physical as well as mental health of the people. Indicators for this factor are life expectancy at birth and the average age of both male and female. 3. Political Stability and security: The overall development and policy of a nation is a multiple of this factor. The country is being provided ratings while depending on one of the nation as some base. 4. Family life: The condition of a family on an average is an indication of family life of the nation. The divorce rates are being given the status of indicator for quantifying this factor. The divorce rate per 1,000 populations is being converted into index of 1 to 5 with increasing number showing negative trend. 5. Community Life: A factor with value 0 or 1. The null value corresponds lower interest of common public in community life while 1 being assigned to those countries where community life often takes place in form public gathering either at church or trade meetings. 6. Climate and geography: This factor is being indicated through latitude values depicting warmer and colder climatic conditions of the nation. 7. Job Security: This factor is self explanatory and is being indicated through unemployment rate expressed in percentage. 8. Political Freedom: A mean to represent the condition of political and civil liberties with values ranging from 1 to 7 where 1 depicts completely free environment while 7 is provided to an excessively closed political condition . 9. Gender Equality: A very crucial social factor for the quantification of male and female social, economic and financial status with indicator being the ratio of average male and female earnings. The above mentioned variables cover a very broad range of areas that can affect the quality of life of a nation. There a number of other variables that can also affect this quality of life like the education levels, the rate of real GDP growth and income inequality. But in real sense this education level is little correlation between education and life satisfaction and this education level later decides income and finally health. But at the same time, this wellbeing has been found to get under negative influence in case of the job being poorly attuned to academic background of the person as well as its needs and aspirations. Hence this sophisticated tests being done over the above mentioned variables has strong correlation with simple measure of life satisfaction with considerations of both individual and behavioral measures. Cause and effect Analysis The Quality of life has been considered as the function with variables falling in almost six different domains. Under Material Wellbeing, the variables have been none other than the GDP and PPP. These factors are the very reason behind higher state of Material wellbeing. The value of GDP is actually aggregate marketed income of a country and at the same time depicts four different components that measure up to depict well being. The four components are effective per capita consumption flows, net societal accumulation of stocks of productive resources, income distribution poverty and inequality and finally economic insecurity. Health is another domain. The variables that fall under this category are life expectancy at birth i.e., infant mortality and average age. It can be indexed as physical quality-of-life index thereby attempting to measure the quality of life or well being of a nation. The numeric value of the factors associated with it is derived from infant mortality, life expectancy and average age with values ranging from 0 to 100. Family and community is a very important factor which relates the internal condition of a family as well its social participation as an indicator of condition at the level of smallest unit level. The indicators for the quantification of this factor are divorce rate, gender equality and social gathering. Divorce rate is measured per 1000 families while the values related to gender equality and social gathering are decided on arbitrary pattern after comparing the data with some standard nation. Figure (Fishbone diagram for cause and effect analysis Quality of life) Political Stability is another extra personal factor which has its own impact. The country’s political condition is a sharp reflection of what policies does the country takes for boosting social and political stability. The better the political condition the better will be the future direction. Every thing right from security, freedom, development as well as country and its people’s future direction in terms of financial gain and income depends on the political condition. The indicators for the political scenario of a nation are stability, security, freedom etc. which are assigned some value according to the some established norms or formula. Environment is another factor which has a deciding importance in country’s quality of living. The climate and geography are the indicators which are assigned some value play as variable while determining the quality of life. If we look at the list of nations in between Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn, the climatic condition over the region is almost the same and at the same time, almost all of the nations in this particular area are either developing or under developed. Hence the geography and climate has its own impact of quality of life. Apart from all the above mentioned factors, some auxiliary factors are also equally valuable. Job security and inflation are some of the few such indicators making an impact on quality of life. Social Democracy, Capitalist Democracy quality of life Nation’s democratic condition is very much responsible in causing any effect on factors that make way for defining the quality of life. The material well which is indicated by the GDP and PPP is considered to perform strongly in a capital democracy if compared with social democracy. Now more money will get translated into better spending in health care and hence indicators like life expectancy and average life should be expected to be of higher order in case of capitalist democracy but the ground situation is very much different. The world’s biggest capitalist democracy i.e., US has reformed its welfare programs in the year 1996 but the new provisions in the welfare act failed to provide both health and social benefits to under privileged. The health inequality is at its peak. Despite being one of the biggest spenders in health sector, its performance on health care index is much less than other OECD nations but the personal care policy that has been followed in social economy of United Kingdom and Ireland has helped in giving better results like prolonging life expectancy. The two types of democracies have different philosophies on issues like political freedom, justice and social security. The idea for the development of next generation is to make way for equality of political and economic participation and at the same time basic chances of life for social justice expanded from legal and material preconditions for freedom and equal rights to equal dignity. Political freedom has to be expanded from self determination of government to the taking charge of own life. Capitalist democracy has defined equal opportunity as providing uniformity in life but social democracy expands it to create space for developing personal predilections and talents.   The different approaches for the factors in case of social and capital democracies have made way for separate behavior of the same indicators in determining the performance of the nations on quality of life index. Subject for study The purpose of the proposed paper is to figure out relationship between above mentioned indicators and the quality of life in two different environments with one being capital democracy while the other one being social democracy. The democratic condition of a nation defines the very state of its people and their way of living. The points which have to be figured out in the study of the subject is the effect of the two type of democracies on each of the indicators and then how these changes will cause the change in quality of life of the nation and its people. Measurement Each of the indicators has to be given some numeric value. These values are assigned on specific formulas and techniques that will either be in accordance with those used by UN or if necessary new formulas will be developed. The quality of life is the output function with final value being proportional to the values of the indicators. Data Collection Methods The next step is that of data collection. The data which has to be used for analysis is more of secondary in nature with most of them being categorized into three basic types. †¢ Documentary – with material in form written text or non written materials. †¢ Multiple Source – area based sources which are basically local journals and country exploration. †¢ Survey – public surveys while taking each and every class into account. It can be censuses or ad-hoc surveys The above mentioned types of secondary information have to be extracted from books, journal articles, newspapers magazines, conference papers, UN reports, archives, electronic database, internet, etc. The majority of the data will get utilized in figuring out a complete literature review with information gathered would give details of different indicators of quality of life, factors affecting those indicators and how are these going to behave in case of the two democracies that has been considered for discussion. In the present research we will generally lean on secondary data and the surveys will have to be done in two nations. For Capitalist democracy, United States of America has to be explored while for Social democracy, Ireland has been taken as case study. The details of a public survey can be taken from the surveys of United Nation and other reliable sources and the same could be used for the analysis in this case. Analysis The data obtained through the various methods discussed above would be either quantitative or qualitative. Since the research requires interpretation of data that is likely to be enormous is quantity with proper statistical analysis. Quantitative analysis of the data is more likely to be secondary and exploratory in nature requiring proper summarising. The data that has been obtained through survey would mostly be categorical and will require proper scale based ranking. Qualitative analysis of data is expected to be used more if it is being compared with quantitative analysis. It will require quantification up to certain degree but an overall non-quantifying method is more likely to be used through the data analysis and interpretation process and finally comparison of the final output. This would begin with categorisation according to possible unitisation, making out relations and then developing categories to facilitate it, and developing and testing hypotheses to reach conclusion. Schedule The whole process has to be divided into a number of phases. The first phase is the analysis of the research problem according to the theoretical framework. The maximum required time for first phase analysis is one week. The outcome of this analysis will decide the type of data to be arranged or searched for full fledged analysis. The data search is mainly secondary in nature and the sources for the same are in the form of documentary, journals, research paper and surveys. The important thing is source reliability. There has to be at least two mid term analysis so that quality of the collected data that has been collected so far can be checked. The schedule for the whole project is as follows: Object Statement Analysis : 1 week Data Search (First phase) : 3 weeks Data Analysis (Mid term) : 1 week Data Search (Second phase) : 3 weeks Data Analysis (Mid term) : 1 week Data Search (Third phase) : 3 weeks Data Analysis (Final) : 3 weeks Report Documentation : 1 week Total : 16 weeks Budget The main part of the total expenditure is in making this project will get utilized in data collection. Since the data collection is basically secondary in nature and most of them are freely available so the actual cost to be incurred in the same is in tune of $1000-$1500. So the maximum possible budgetary requirement is around $1500. Conclusion The final report project will have the following format: 1. Title 2. Research Question 3. Literature Review 4. Research Methodology 5. Conceptual Framework 6. Primary Research 7. Analysis 8. Findings 9. Conclusions Recommendations 10. References References National Governors Association (2005), A National Health Care Innovations Program: A proposal to increase the cost-effectiveness and quality of the U.S. health care system. U. S. Department of Health and Human Resources (2003), Steps to a Healthier US: A Program and Policy Perspective. The Power of Prevention. European Observatory on Health Care Systems (1999), Health Care Systems in Transition: United Kingdom, WHO Regional Office, Europe. Osberg, L. Sharpel, A., Comparisons of Trends in GDP and Economic Well-being the Impact of Social Capital Huo, J, Nelson, M. Stephens, J. (2006) Decommodification and Activation in Social Democratic Policy Resolving the Paradox Nueva Sociedad (2007) Social Democracy in the 21st Century Economist Intelligence Unit (2005) Quality-of-life index: The Economist Intelligence Unit’s quality-of-life Index [Online] Available from: http://www.economist.com/media/pdf/QUALITY_OF_LIFE.pdf Campbell, A., Phil C., Rodgers, W. (1976). The Quality of American Life. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Diener, E., Sandvik, E., Seidlitz, L. Diener, M. (1993) â€Å"The Relationship Between Income and Subjective Well Being: Relative or Absolute? Social Indicators Research. Esping-Andersen, G. (1990) The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Frey, B. S. and Alois S.( 2002). Happiness and Economics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univeristy Press. Elazar, D. (1984). American Federalism: A view from the states. New York: Thomas Crowell.

Shakespeare’s Usage of Foils Illustrates Man’s Deceit :: Essays Papers

Shakespeare’s Usage of Foils Illustrates Man’s Deceit 1. William Shakespeare, the most popular playwright of all time, experiments with comedy, mystery, betrayal, romance, and tragedy in his play, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. The author uses a variety of characters from different social backgrounds to give us an elaborate picture of deception. From the opening line of "Who’s there?" the reader gets the impression that people are not what they seem in this play. The interrelationships between the royalty and people of the court are well-developed to illustrate the major and minor similarities and differences between the characters. Shakespeare reveals the deceptive nature of man and the ruin it causes through his use of foils. [Many of the other essays did not follow the directions and used the definition of foils as the introduction. This writer understood that the essay was to be about the use of foils in the play. The introduction, therefore, is about the play, and it leads up to a thesis which briefly states the function (m eaning) of the foils within the play. The thesis, in other words, does not simply state that the essay will discuss foils in the play, but rather that the essay will show how the foils help reveal the deceptive nature of man and the resulting ruin. This is, I believe, also the only writer who alludes to "Who's there?" and thereby nicely connects the essay -- and thus the foils -- to much of what I emphasized in class discussions of the play.] 2. Foils are integral to this play, because many of the devious plots are revealed to the reader through them. A foil is a secondary character which [*1] illuminates certain things about a primary character to the audience. The major character may reveal secrets, such as murderous plots or traps, or feelings, for example, a perspective on death or the love of another character. This can happen if the minor character is primarily a listener on stage. Another scenario is if two characters, major and minor, share similarities, but have distinct differences. These variations in personality will reveal something important about the main character. The "something important" could be a fatal flaw or a good point of their personality. Many foils are used in this play, but there are two important ones which happen to be for the same character.

Core Competencies Essay

Hamric, Hanson, O’Grady & Tracy (2014) define competencies as â€Å"a broad area of skillful performance.† Competencies include activities implemented by advanced practice nurses while providing direct patient care and the processes, knowledge and skills used in all aspects of advanced practice. There are seven core competencies associated with the advanced practice registered nurse. In addition to the seven core competencies, nurse practitioner education and nurse administrator education have additional competencies needed to become proficient in each of those roles (The American Organization of Nurse Executives (AONE) 2011; The National Organization of Nurse Practitioner Faculties (NONPF), 2012). While there is overlap of some of the competencies the nurse executive role and the nurse practitioner role each have specific skills needed to attain expertise in each role. Nurse executives plan, direct, coordinate and supervise health care delivery. He or she must have expert knowledge regarding patient care delivery, marketing, management, ethics, and human resource management, as well as additional knowledge. Due to the wide range of knowledge needed, nurse executives need to attain expertise in many areas. AONE has outlined five competencies and detailed the skills needed for each (2011). According to AONE communication and relationship-building is a competency that must be mastered in order to cultivate relationships and establish rapport and includes skills such as relationship management, effective communication, influence of behaviors, shared decision making and ability to work with diversity. The professionalism competency includes ethics, evidence-based clinical and management practice, advocacy, and personal and professional accountability (AONE, 2011). The nurse administration works at the executive  level so professionalism must be maintained. Nursing leadership must be upheld by mastery of skills like foundational thinking skills, change management and succession planning. The business skills competency can be met by the nurse administrator upon mastering business management, human resource management, marketing and strategic management and information management and technology (AONE, 2011). The health care system which the nurse executive manages can be a large complex system, such as an acute care hospital that has a level I trauma center, a pediatric unit, labor and delivery unit, cardiac intensive care, and neonatology. Because of this complexity competency of health care environment knowledge must be mastered and includes the skills of clinical practice knowledge, delivery models, health care economics and policy, governance, patient safety, quality improvement and case management (AONE, 2011). According to the National Organization of Nurse Practitioner Faculties (2012), upon graduation from a nurse practitioner program the graduate must possess mine competencies without regard to the population of focus. By mastering these competencies the nurse practitioner will have the skills and knowledge needed to practice independently. NPs provide direct patient care so the competencies and skills needed differ slightly from the competencies needed for nurse administrator. The practice inquiry competencies and the quality competencies are similar in that they both involve using knowledge gained from clinical practice to improve health care quality. Quality competencies include using best evidence to improve clinical practice, evaluating access to care, cost, quality and safety, organizational structure, financing, marketing and policy decisions and their impact on health care quality. Practice inquiry competencies involve applying clinical investigative skills, practice inquiry, analyzing clinical guidelines, generating knowledge from clinical practice and providing leadership while applying new knowledge. The technology and information literacy competencies are related to information literacy skills, literacy in information systems, integrating technologies into clinical practice and the delivery of health to improve health outcomes (NONPF, 2012). To function effectively the NP must understand health care policy and regulations. He or she must be competent in the evaluation of policy and its implication on health care delivery and outcomes and must promote access, quality and equality. All of these skills  fall under the policy competencies (NONPF, 2012). Health delivery systems competencies relate to the development of health care systems, the organizational structure and functions or health delivery systems and applying that knowledge to improve health care d elivery (NONPF, 2012). Along with a clear understanding of policy the NP must have expert knowledge of the independent practice competencies. NONPF list the independent practice competencies skills as the ability to function as a licensed practitioner, exhibiting accountability, managing previously diagnosed and undiagnosed patients and providing patient-centered care while observing cultural diversity and respecting patient decisions. There are some overlapping competencies within the NP and the nurse executive role. Both professions contain a leadership competency and both advanced practice nurses are expected to participate in professional organizations and to initiate change. The NP competency includes advocating for improved access, quality and cost effective health care while the nurse executive competency includes staff support and adapting leadership style (AONE, 2011; NONPF, 2012). The NP scientific foundation competency and the nurse executive knowledge of health care environment competency have areas of overlap such as the use of research to improve practice and decision making and evidence-based practice, and outcome measurement. The nurse executive skill of expert practice of ethics is outlined under the professionalism competency. Hamric et al. (2014, p. 101) state the transition from student to professional APN can be rife with behavioral, attitudinal and value conflicts. Hamric et al. further state that there are phases an APN moves through during role implementation. The first stage laying the foundation, occurs when graduate NPs sit for certification examinations for their specific roles, and look for available positions. The second stage generally last up to three months after the first position and consists of anxiety related to low confidence and low competence. One strategy to facilitate role implementation for all APNs is to develop a structured orientation plan. Although there are numerous practice setting and roles the nurse executive and the NP both benefit when clear expectations, needs, values, goals policies and procedures of the specific agency are made available upon hire (Hamric et al., p. 102). References Hamric, A. B., Hanson,C. M., O’Grady, E. T., Tracy, M. F. (2014) Advanced Practice Nursing: An Integrative Approach, 5th Ed. [VitalSource Digital Version]. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders. The American Organization of Nurse Executives. 2011. The AONE Nurse Executive Competencies. Retrieved September 11, 2014 from http://www.aone.org/resources/leadership%20tools/nursecomp.shtml The National Organization of Nurse Practitioner Faculties. 2012. Nurse Practitioner Core Competencies April 2011, Amended 2012. Retrieved September 11, 2014 from http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nonpf.org/resource/resmgr/competencies/npcorecompetenciesfinal2012.pdf

Of Mice and Men: Explore Your Response to Curley’s Wife Essay

My initial response to the character of Curley’s wife was that of intense dislike- I found Steinbeck to subtly prejudice us, as readers, against her, before she even made a physical appearance in the text. Upon reflection, I perceive Curley’s wife in some ways to be the most important figure in the novel- she is a key symbol of temptation, and most of the story’s main underlying themes: dreams, isolation and loneliness, for example, can be related to her in some way. To an extent, she can be blamed for the terrible outcome of events, although technically, she is no more culpible than any of the other characters for what happens. The first thing that struck me about Curley’s wife was that we never find out her real name. Without exception, she is always referred to in direct relation to Curley. I find this to be very important for a number of reasons. Firstly, it suggests Curley’s possessive nature, and portrays his wife as a mere ‘belonging’ of his, rather than a partner or an equal. Secondly, and particularly more prominently, is the way in which her being nameless immediately establishes Curley’s wife as a symbol rather than a character. The other men markedly view her as a symbol of temptation- ‘Wait’ll you see Curley’s wife. ‘ She is very obviously different to all the other people in the story; Curley’s wife is the only female character in the novel, and is additionally a stereotype of women: a distraction and a provocation, described very early on as ‘having the eye’ for other men despite being married, and looked at as a ‘tart’ and a ‘looloo,’ in the crude words of the ranch workers. I feel, after reading the novel, that Steinbeck presents Curley’s wife in a mainly negative light, at least initially. Before she even appears in person, the men discuss her, and our opinion of her is already firmly influenced by what they say. She is referred to as ‘jail bait,’ and physically described as moving and behaving in a provocative, even promiscuous manner- having ‘full, rouged lips,’ ‘heavily made up. ‘ Certain elements of her appearance are described as red in colour, such as her painted fingernails and the feathers attached to her dress. This colour is classically a sign of danger or warning, and I believe that Steinbeck uses this minor detail to make us more aware of her nature, and to subtly foreshadow, the chain of events that are, in part, precipitated by her actions and behaviour. Despite his overall presentation of Curley’s wife as unpleasant, and ‘a bitch,’ as George warns Lennie, I also think that he shows her to be something of a victim- her manner the result of crushed dreams, an unhappy marriage, and isolation in a small world surrounded by men- also, on a physical level, the unlucky victim of Lennie’s strength. We are not aware of this other, more vulnerable, side to her, until the last pages leading up to her death, when we can see her desperation as she pours out her heart to as good as a complete stranger- ‘and then her words tumbled out in a passion of communication. ‘ She quickly admits here that her husband ‘ain’t a nice fella’ and that she married him after her dreams of movie stardom failed to come to anything. One particularly crucial quote, that shows us her isolation, is when she tells Lennie, ‘I never get to talk to nobody. I get awful lonely. ‘ As a whole, the events that take place over the course of the novel can be looked at as the outcome of fate taking it’s course, with no one character carrying all the blame. Although Lennie’s mental impairment made a tragedy such as the death of Curley’s wife almost inevitable in the end, I perceive her to be at least partly culpible for the eventual path happenings took. Eager for male attention, she flaunts herself at every opportunity, and, discovering Lennie’s obsessive liking for soft things, she flirts with him, inviting him to stroke her hair- ‘feel right aroun’ there an’ see how soft it is. Lennie’s gross unawareness of his own strength, and the obtuse fear that the piercing screams of Curley’s wife instil in him of displeasing George, make him hold on to her hair, and lead to her sudden and violent death- ‘Please don’t do that! George’ll be mad†¦ ‘ This major event sets in motion the chain of occurrences that close the novel with Lennie’s death. At this point, Curley’s wife also becomes a symbol of the ‘death’ theme omnipresent during the book, and the impossibility of dreams. Her own hopes had been crushed by Lennie’s actions, and in turn, her death marked the most sudden demise of hope for George, Lennie, and even Candy, whose plan of a Dream Farm is cruelly jeopardised by the turn events take- ‘You an’ me can get that little place, can’t we George? ‘ This desperate interjection on Candy’s part at first meets with no reply from George, who realises how unattainable dreams really are, and admits to always being aware that the Dream Farm was nothing more than a fantasy- ‘I think I knowed we’d never do her†¦ The death of Curley’s wife ultimately brings George to the decision that the only way to save Lennie is to take his life. In this way, even after her death, I see Curley’s wife as a very prominent symbol in her own right. Overall, I dislike Curley’s wife as a character. Her personal insecurities lead her to exploit her position of power over the ranch workers, whom she often treats with contempt, looking upon them as inferior to her and speaking abusively towards some of them. The best example of this behaviour on her part is in section 3, when she enters the harness room, interrupting the conversation that some of the men are having. Her character is still maintained as being tempting, and extremely flirtatious, her stance described as being provocative, with ‘her hands on her hips’ and her ‘rubbing the nails of one hand with the thumb and forefinger of the other,’ but it is here that we see more of the aggressive, nasty side to her. She is very over-confident, even in a room full of adult men, boldly proclaiming that what they are telling her is ‘baloney. I think the way Curley’s wife spontaneously refers to the three men in the room as ‘a nigger an’ a dum-dum and a lousy ol’ sheep,’ is very offensive and cruel of her, and typifies the bitter, hardened side of her personality, aside from the glossy exterior of beauty and glamour. One of the most revealing aspects of her behaviour in this scene is when she abuses her position as the boss’s daughter-in-law to threaten Crooks, implying that she would stoop to wrongly accusing him of rape or another form of assault, if he reports her behaviour- ‘You know what I can do to you if you open your trap? At this moment, Steinbeck’s portrayal of Curley’s wife leads me to despise her greatly. However, I do grow to feel some empathy for her by the time of her death, appreciating her as a victim- ‘poor bastard’ – and seeing the emotional struggles she has faced, in a loveless marriage to a man she often feels compelled to ‘bust up’: i. e. attack and injure, and the dreams of Hollywood stardom that have been denied her. In conclusion, my response to Curley’s wife at the end of the novel was mixed. Although I mainly found her to be an unpleasant character, more of an antagonistic role than anything, and even mildly vindictive at times in her manner towards some of the men, I understand how her temperament was fuelled by her past. By the time of her death, when a greater part of her personal backstory is revealed and explained, I feel more empathetic towards her. One of the most prominent and important things about Curley’s wife is that we never find out her name, marking her out clearly as a symbol rather than a solid individual- she symbolises temptation more than anything, and despite not being entirely to blame for Lennie’s death and the downfall of the Dream Farm plan, her flirtatious, provocative behaviour and actions- really, a desperate cry for attention- set all the terrible events at the end of Of Mice and Men in motion.

The Role of the United States Constitution and the United States Legal System in Business Regulation Essays

The Role of the United States Constitution and the United States Legal System in Business Regulation Essays The Role of the United States Constitution and the United States Legal System in Business Regulation Essay The Role of the United States Constitution and the United States Legal System in Business Regulation Essay This paper will describe the role of the United States Constitution and the United States legal system in business regulation. The recent business regulations in US businesses will be outlined and further explanation on how the economic growth created by private business and how the US government could not sustain itself. This paper will examine an example from an article which demonstrates how a Constitutional right affects a business and how the legal system is used with respect to recognizing or protecting that right. The US government has regulated businesses since the colonial times. The fight for independence in the United States made the need for more responsive and effective business regulations. In the nineteenth century, the US grew to be a world power and the economy became more industrialized. Business laws were passed by the federal government that favored social reforms and not towards the big businesses. Less regulation for business and the public was introduced in the twentieth century and had expanded until the 1970s. Deregulation on the state of California’s economy and several corporate accounting scandals surfaced in the twenty first century raised federal interventions into business practices. Under the Articles of Confederation, central government was created. These articles lacked certain regulations between the states and did not enforced contractual obligations. Because of these flaws, the US Constitution created the current form of moderate federal system of protection and ended state tariff regulation. Several years later, the federal government guaranteed protection of the due process of law against national currency, security for contracts, and making gifts of land. Enforcing the contracts and property rights are regulated by the government and are the basics that US business could not function without them. The US government could not sustain by itself without the economic growth created by private business. Deep concerns with the potential political concerns over the credit card interest rates by the White House and Congress have grown for many Americans. Based on the economic conditions are weak in industries and the overall general US economy. Both organizations assume their powers and responsibility in protection the consumer can lower credit card rates and increase regulations. Congress’ role was defined the movement of goods between states and abandoned ever since 1937 with Supreme Court on the Commerce Clause in the Constitution. Several issues on regulations of credit cards by the Federal Reserve Board are being addressed in this article. In 2010, they will be responsible in making the decisions and regulating limiting credit rate increase. In the past Congress was out of the constitutional boundaries to regulate local and state matters on credit care rates and now the Federal Reserve will be empowered to do so. The concerns on how the Constitution can be overlooked and where is the constitutional authority is derived from is becoming an every day topic of discussion. The US government was created under the Constitution and it specifically stated on limited powers and specific details for the federal government and Congress. And it’s unfortunate that it will no longer be respected as it as been for the past 150 years in our nation’s history. On a state level, credit card regulations will be beneficial for them. It is clearly and definitively a decision to be discussed by the states only if the regulation is needed. The responsibility of the states can be closed off, powerful and independent. More federal regulations, interventions and control on finances are becoming a common practice on a day to day basis. The prediction is the Federal Reserve will gain more regulatory power over the US financial industry in order to protect the consumer. In the 10th Amendment states that bringing issues not given to the federal government back to the states and the people and if all people involved with law making can understand and not ignore, the people can be protected if everyone follows, respects and protect the Constitution of the United States. In conclusion, the first section of this paper provided a definition of the purpose and function of role of the United States Constitution and the United States legal system in business regulation. The next section explained how a current article demonstrates how a Constitutional right affects a business. Finally federal and state regulations may not regulate alike and can be self contradictory as well as confusing to all business community. They both can be relatively vague to leave the Constitutional rights of all US business. The United States is one of the nations depends on private entrepreneurs for the overall business welfare. Intentional Tort: While a tort, is defined as any wrong doing to somebody involving breach of a civil duty, an intentional tort is defined as a civil wrong committed intentionally by the tortfeaser. In simple terms it means causing harm to anybody intentionally. Elements of the intentional tort includes: intent, act, cause, and harmful or offensive contact. Few of the common intentional torts include: * Assault * Battery * Conversion * False imprisonment * Trespass to land * Trespass to chattels (Personal property) * Intentional infliction of emotional distress * Fraud * Invasion of privacy Real life example includes the Fisher v Carrousel Motor Hotel, Inc Case of Texas in 1967. The plaintiff here was standing with a plate and one of the defendant’s employees snatched the plate out of his hand and made a racist remark. He didn’t touch him physically but the plaintiff was hurt emotionally. This was judged as a case of battery under intentional tort. The court finally said that â€Å"personal indignity† is the essence of battery, so it doesn’t matter whether or not there was physical contact or injury. It mentioned the act as a battery and the plaintiff was entitled to receive damages for the mental suffering caused to him. Negligence Tort Negligence tort includes activities that have caused harm to somebody due to carelessness rather than doing any intentional harm. Negligence tort can be proved with just three elements conduct, causation and damages. Real Life example of the Negligence Tort is the Stone v. Bolton case of 1950. Stone (P) was struck in the head by a ball that flew out of a cricket field across the street from her home. Stone sued Bolton (D), the owner of the cricket field for public nuisance and common law negligence on the grounds that the field did not have a fence high enough to prevent balls from flying out of he field. Bolton claimed that only 6-10 balls had escaped the field in the previous 30 years and it was therefore an unforeseeable risk. P appealed the trial court’s judgment in favor of D and the appeals court reversed in favor of P. This was a case of negligence tort. Strict Liability Torts Strict liability simply refers to legal responsibility for all kind of damage s caused to the other person even if the person found guilty did it intentionally or by mistake. While other torts needs to be proved with sufficient proven evidences, strict liability could be imposed on a party without a finding of fault. The claimant here only needs to prove the occurrence of the tort and that the defendant was responsible. Real life example: Greenman v Yuba Power Products Pl Greenman purchased a combination power tool that could be used as a saw, drill, and wood lathe. He saw it demonstrated and read the brochure prepared by the manufacturer. He subsequently purchased the necessary attachments to use the Shopsmith as a lathe. After he had worked on the piece of wood several times it flew out of the machine and struck him in the forehead, inflicting serious injuries. 0 months later he gave the retailer and manufacturer written notice of claimed breaches of warranties and filed a complaint. Expert testified that inadequate set screws were used to hold parts of the machine together, and there were other positive ways of fastening the parts which would have prevented the accident. A manufacturer is strictly liable in tort when an article he places on the market, knowing that it is to be used without ins pection for defects, proves to have a defect that causes an injury to a human being. Court Rationale: Rules defining and governing warranties that were developed to meet the needs of commercial transactions cannot properly be invoked to govern the manufacturer’s liability to those injured by their defective products unless those rules also serve the purposes for which such liability is imposed. The purpose of such liability is to insure that the costs of injuries resulting from defective products are borne by the manufacturer that put such products on the market rather than by the injured persons who are powerless to protect themselves. Implicit in the machine’s presence on the market was a representation that it would safely do the jobs for which it was built. To establish the manufacturer’s liability it was sufficient that PL proved that he was injured while using the Shopsmith in a way in which it was intended to be used as a result of a defect in design and manufacture of which PL was not aware that made the Shopsmith unsafe for its intended use. References: * Government Regulation of Business. Answers. September 7, 2009. Retrieved on September 7, 2009. answers. com/topic/government-regulation-of-business * Trampling the Constitutional Role of Regulation. Tenth Amendment Center. September 6, 2009. Retrieved on September 6, 2009 * tenthamendmentcenter. com/2009/05/09/trampling-the-constitutional-role-of-regulation/ * 4lawschool. com/torts/yuba. shtml * lawnix. com/cases/stone-bolton. html * http://lawschool. mikeshecket. com/torts/fishervcarrouselmotorhotelinc. html * http://www2. gsu. edu/~rmip zb/torts. htm

Why You Shouldnt Mix Bleach and Vinegar

Why You Shouldnt Mix Bleach and Vinegar Mixing bleach and vinegar is a bad idea. Toxic chlorine gas is released, which essentially serves as a way to wage chemical warfare on ones self. Many people mix bleach and vinegar, knowing its dangerous, but either underestimate the risk or else hope for increased cleaning power. Heres what you should know about mixing bleach and vinegar, before trying it. Why People Mix Bleach and Vinegar If mixing bleach and vinegar releases toxic chlorine gas, then why do people do it? There are two answers to this question. The first answer is that vinegar lowers the pH of bleach, making it a better disinfectant. The second answer to why people mix bleach and vinegar is that people dont recognize how dangerous it is or how quickly it reacts. They hear mixing the chemicals makes them better cleaners and disinfectants, but dont realize the cleaning boost isnt going to make enough of a difference to justify the considerable health hazard. What Happens When Bleach and Vinegar Are Mixed Chlorine bleach contains sodium hypochlorite or NaOCl. Because bleach is sodium hypochlorite in water, the sodium hypochlorite in bleach actually exists as hypochlorous acid: NaOCl H2O ↔ HOCl Na OH- Hypochlorous acid is a strong oxidizer. This is what makes it so good at bleaching and disinfection. If you mix bleach with an acid, chlorine gas will be produced. For example, mixing  bleach with toilet bowl cleaner, which contains hydrochloric acid, yields chlorine gas: HOCl HCl ↔ H2O Cl2 Although pure chlorine gas is greenish-yellow, gas produced by mixing chemicals is diluted in air. Its invisible, so the only way to know about it is by the smell and negative effects.  Chlorine gas attacks mucous membranes, such as eyes, throat, and lungs and can be deadly. Mixing bleach with another acid, such as the acetic acid found in vinegar, yields essentially the same result: 2HOCl 2HAc ↔ Cl2 2H2O 2Ac- (Ac : CH3COO) There is an equilibrium between the chlorine species that is influenced by pH. When the pH is lowered, as by adding toilet bowl cleaner or vinegar, the ratio of chlorine gas in increased. When the pH is raised, the ratio of hypochlorite ion is increased. Hypochlorite ion is a less efficient oxidizer than hypochlorous acid, so some people will intentionally lower the pH of bleach to increase the oxidizing power of the chemical, even though chlorine gas is produced as a result. What You Should Do Instead Dont poison yourself! Rather than increasing the activity of the bleach by adding vinegar to it, its safer and more effective to simply purchase fresh bleach.  Chlorine bleach has a shelf life, so it loses power over time. This is particularly true if the container of bleach has been stored for several months. Its far safer to use fresh bleach than to risk poisoning  by mixing bleach with another chemical. It is fine to use bleach and vinegar separately for cleaning as long as the surface is rinsed between products.

Australian Tourism and Hospitality Law Case Study

Australian Tourism and Hospitality Law - Case Study Example This island is managed and swimming. The Western Australian State Government had mandated the Island Authority to manage the island. There have been increased concerns over of the dangers posed by sharks in the water, according to the fishermen, shark sightings have increased in the local water, which poses a risk to the swimmers and fishermen. The fears of the fishermen were confirmed by an incident that occurred in 22nd October, during this day, Frank, who was swimming within the flags, was dumped into a sand bar, and when he was pulled from the water by the lifeguards, and taken for medical treatment, Frank was found with a fracture of his cervical vertebra. The fracture left him paralyzed from the waist down. Later in the day, there was a shark alarm, sounded by lifeguards for people to clear the water, however, Matt, who was 100 meters from the shore, was taken away and his body was never found. The events on this day leave a question of whether the Island Authority is liable fo r the Frank’s injuries and the death of Matt. Looking at the facts of this case, the Island is under the management of the Island Authority, therefore, the Island Authority is responsible for the safety of those fishing, swimming and camping on the island.1 This follows that Matt and Frank were visitors to the island; therefore, their safety was in the hands of the Island Authority. ... Looking at the statistics, 50 years before the year 2000, there was only one fatal attack in these waters, but within the last 5 years, there have been six attacks from the shark on the west coast, and these attacks were fatal. In addition, according to reports, there were 16 attacks near the sea, where the victims suffered serious injuries but survived. The Island Authority should have these statistics, and if they have them, then they should be more vigilant near the sea and in the water; they should have taken extra-measures to minimize the dangers caused by the sharks. When Frank got hurt, he was swimming within the flags; these flags indicated that the waters he was swimming in were safe, therefore, he had no worries about his safety. The same applied to Matt. This can only mean that the water was not inspected at all or the inspection was not well done, and considering the reports on the increasing shark attacks, the Island authority can be accused of negligence. In addition, t he boat patrol is supposed to be done all the time, and they are supposed to be several boats and not one, if this was the case, maybe Matt could have been saved in time. Moreover, the Island Authority is not well equipped with the disaster management equipment, and the procedure used for clearing people from the water and rescuing people is not well organized. Knowing that people might not be quick enough to clear the water when the shark alarm is sound, the Authority did not take an initiative to necessitate quick water clearance. Again, most of the people visiting the Island for recreational activities are not locals, and this means that they are not aware of the dangers posed by sharks in the water in this region.3 Therefore, it

Segmented Marketing and Branding Big Mac Research Paper

Segmented Marketing and Branding Big Mac - Research Paper Example This paper focuses upon Big Mac, a hamburger which was introduced by McDonald’s in Pennsylvania in the year 1967 with a selling price of 45 cents. It was promulgated on a national scale in 1968. The burger was created to contend with Big Boy sandwich, a similar type of item with a bread slice in between with the purpose of holding together the stuffing and averting spill out. Over the years, it has become a signature product of the company with an exceptional brand name. It consists of two layers of beef patties merged with molten cheese and mouth watering sauce along with an onion and munch of pickle, served together in a delicious three division sesame seed bun. Iceberg Lettuce is also a core ingredient of the burger. The Big Mac is popular all over the world and is often regarded as an icon of American capitalism. In fact, the Big Mac Index is used as an indicative factor for contrasting the cost of living in countries around the world since its availability is common. This index is also considered to be Burgernomics. There exist several branding theories which identify brand as a unique feature of value proposition of a company. A branding promotion initiates with the development of a value proposition and relies on inspired apparatus along with a combination of consistency, continuity and commitment. The brand of Big Mac, ever since its establishment, has not looked back. It has been able to build its reputation not only in the United States but across 119 countries in the world. The brand of Big Mac is not just a name or a symbol. It has become a vital component of the relationship which McDonald’s has established with its consumers. For the consumers of McDonald’s in general, Big Mac, as a brand, has set its place in the hearts and minds of the consumers. For any brand, its real value exists in its ability and power to retain customer’s brand loyalty by influencing their preferences. The brand strategy of Big Mac has been so s uccessful that it has been thriving in the market as the leading hamburger choice for quite sometime. Being a powerful brand in its own domain, the brand equity of Big Mac is significant. It has been able to develop a positive differential effect upon its consumers and consequently, create a value for itself among people in different continents. McDonald’s have always made use of Big Mac’s classical taste and enriched quality in setting up its Brand Positioning. In this manner, the company has been able to devise such a competitive combination attributes, benefits, beliefs and values for the brand Big Mac that they have been able to develop the image of it in the minds of their consumers in the manner in which they wanted. Likewise, another core brand strategy

Speedy feet athletics club systems analysis Assignment

Speedy feet athletics club systems analysis - Assignment Example He will then come up with the calendar of the competitions that will be done in a given season. iii. Hannah (Venues Advisor) is the person responsible with managing venues and the facilities that are available in each of the venues. Hannah is responsible with ensuring that the venues are in good condition for the competitions that are coming. iv. Timekeeper is the person who is responsible with ensuring that time is followed and all activities are done according to the stipulated time. v. Athlete is key person taking place in in the competition. User specifications From the use case diagram, the use case that I will give specifications is that of Ethan, the club competition advisor. He manages most of the processes that happen within the club. He ensures that the athletes get the calendar and make sure that the venues are in order. He compiles the calendar basing on the facilities that are available in each of the venue. Some of the user specifications for the competitions advisor ar e stated below: i. The system should be able to give the available venues that competition can take place ii. The system should give the athletes that have been accepted to take part in the competition in a given season iii. It should give the facilities that are available in a given venue so that the competition can be scheduled basing on this information iv. The it should give the days that competitions can take place v. It should list the people who can supervise the various competitions vi. It should give the list of the athletes that have been rejected so that letters can be sent to them vii. It should be able to send letters to rejected athletes viii. It should have the time keepers who will manage the time of the competitions. Usability goals Basing on the competitions advisor, the usability goals that are required include: i. Effectiveness. Will the system do what is designed to do? The system should do what has been designed to do. The effort to come up with a list of compe titions and athletes for a given season. ii. Utility. Does the system, provide enough utility to carry out tasks that are done by a competitions advisor as natural as possible? The usability of the system should be able to accommodate a range of tasks that are normally done by competitions advisor. iii. Efficiency. This usability goal tries to answer the question of time. How long will the competitions advisor take to handle issues that are at hand? The new system should be efficient so that it takes less time to perform the tasks designed to perform. It should take less time to perform tasks that have been designed to be done. It should be faster while scheduling and compiling the calendar (Dennis, Wixom & Roth 2008). User experience goals The system should be able to enhance the experience of the user when using the system. In our case example, the following are the user experience that is required for the competitions advisor: i. Should be satisfying. The system should satisfy th e needs of the competitions advisor so that he is able to be productive in what he does. It should be productive and meet the needs of a competitions advisor. ii. The system should also be rewarding. The competitions advisor should be able to feel that he has been productive in undertaking the tasks that have been assigned to him. The competitions advisor should be in a position to undertake the tasks that have been assigned and be able to undertake what has he has been doing in the manual process and

Complex Narrative Structure Of Memento

Complex Narrative Structure Of Memento Due to the nature and complex narrative structure of Memento (Nolan 2000), one has to closely evaluate the succession of events before one could make the assumption that this film is a typical Hollywood mainstream motion picture. It is easy to assume that this film would in fact fit the criteria of the Hollywood mainstream motion picture, only upon looking at the cast and A-List director- Christopher Nolan- who one could assume would use his usual cinematic style to ensure the success of this film. The complex introduction to the film already creates the anxiety-driven need to finish watching the film, due to the unusualness of the opening scene that distinguishes Memento (Nolan 2000) from other classical Hollywood films. Jean Baudrillard: brief biography Jean Baudrillard, the French sociologist, cultural critic, and theorist of post modernity were born in Reims on the 27th of July, 1929. Even though his parents were civil servants and his grandparents were peasant farmers, Jean Baudrillard was the first University graduate from his family. He later went on to teach sociology at University and was named one of the most intellectual figures of his time. Throughout his childhood, he was exposed to the Algerian war of the 1950s and 60s, which had a significant influence on the way he thinks and perceives society (Jean Baudrillard-Biography [sa]). After becoming an assistant at Nanterre University of Paris in 1966, he was quickly connected with Roland Barthes and used Bartheses analysis of culture in his first book, namely The Object System (1968). When the students of Nanterre University revolted in 1968, Baudrillard joined in the action, and through inspiration, assisted with a distinctive journal of the time, Utopie. This journal was clearly influenced by situationism, structural Marxism and various media theories wherein he issued numerous theoretical articles about/on the environment of capitalist prosperity (affluence) and the evaluation of technology. Baudrillard then went on to teach at the European Graduate School (EGS) from the day that the school opened to the day of his death on the 6th of March, 2007 (Jean Baudrillard-Biography [sa]). Marxism and (post-) Marxism: Marxist film theory The Marxist approach to the study of films centres (focuses) on the continuous ways that cinema ideologically allow and even betrays the devises that diminishes the middle-class (bourgeois) view of society and the world. These devises (mechanisms) of ideology comprise both the social organisations (institutions), as well as the industrial knowledge that vigorously function to create (produce) the middle-class culture which society consume daily. Several precise illustrations of such social and industrial organisations are: (1) the way labour is divided to ensure revenue (capital); (2) hierarchy (social order and class-structure); (3) industrial transformation of revenue of production; and (4) replacing services (commodities). Each (and all) of the mentioned devices (mechanisms) have been incorporated into (and informed) the film trade since it originated. In the sphere of cinema and film, these mechanisms shape the influential culture-producing section of societal apparatuses that Ma rxist film theorists calls the cinematic apparatus (Netto 2000:[sp]). Jean Baudrillards opinion of Marxism In his book, The consumer society (Baudrillard 1998:183), Baudrillard makes the conclusion and commends multiple forms of refusal of common ruling (convention), obvious notable and eye-catching utilisation (consumption), and conventional thinking and behaving, which can ultimately be merged (combined) into a practice of radical change (Baudrillard 1998:183). Baudrillard then goes on to describe a state (situation) where isolation (alienation) in its entirety cannot be improved on since it is the very structure of market society (Baudrillard 1998:190). Baudrillard argues that in a social order (culture), in which everything is seen as a product or service that can be purchased and put up for sale, that isolation (alienation) is total. Thus, isolation (alienation) is ever present in the social order where everything (from products to services) can be bought (Kellner 2007:[sp]). In the early 1970s, Baudrillard had an unsure (ambivalent) relationship with the theory of conventional Marxism in the since that he agreed with the Marxian analysis of the production of social commodities, which ultimately defined and critiqued the various notions of estrangement (alienation), dominant power, and exploitation that was shaped by capitalism. One could say that Baudrillards evaluation of these notions corresponds with the traditional (standard) neo- Marxian viewpoint which puts emphasis on the culpability of Capitalism and makes the assumption that Capitalism is homogenizing, domineering and ruled social class systems whilst depriving individuals of their liberty, originality and imagination, time, and potential (Kellner 2007:[sp]). In contradiction, Baudrillard could never emphasise any revolutionary forces and above all, didnt argue the circumstances and prospectives of the working class as a driving force for an altered (changed) social order of consumption. Thus, with no suggestion of the subject as a participating driving force of societal modification, Baudrillard pursued the structuralist and poststructuralist assessment of the truth-seeking (philosophical) and practical subject matter which was extensively governed in French deliberation. Practitioners of structuralism and post structuralism argued that bias (subjectivity) was shaped by verbal communication (language), societal establishments, and cultural appearances and wasnt sovereign of its creation in these establishments and preparations (Kellner 2007:[sp]). Classical film noir: Definition, Primary characteristics, conventions and historical surroundings The role of the male protagonist In (post-) Marxist noir films, the protagonist is frequently depicted as a single white male, who is usually psychologically troubled due to disloyalty or some form of loss of something in particular. The male protagonist is also usually emotionally crippled or psychologically injured. This summary of the post Marxist noir leading male is applicable to the post Marxist neo-noir picture Memento (Nolan 2000) (Szyszka 2007:[sp]). In Memento (Nolan 2000), Nolan presents the character of Leonard Shelby (Guy Pierce) who could be seen as a combination of the typical private investigator that thrives in noir and neo-noir films and the defective (flawed) insurance salesman of the noir crime picture. The result is a brain damaged insurance investigator. This character in itself is already a complex and interesting one, but Nolen makes Leonard even more complex by turning Leonard into a serial killer who is unaware of the driving forces that influences him to commit these crimes (Szyszka 2007:[sp]). Further characteristics of classical film noir: mood, tone, visual and cinematic elements According to the British Medical Journal (BMJ), that did a study on films dealing with memory, and made the conclusion that in Memento (Nolan 2000)- different from other films dealing with the memory genre- Leonards character (with some form of amnesia) maintains/retains his identity and puts emphasis on a number of strenuous daily problems regarding recollection related to mental disorders (Szyszka 2007:[sp]). After watching this film one could argue that the disjointed, mosaic-like quality of the succession of edited scenes in Memento (Nolan 2000) ingeniously simulates the perpetual present characteristics of memory loss related conditions. The film does not however merely represent mental/neurological illness, but furthermore supports the (post-) Marxian notion of the leading white male point of view. This notion is supported by purposely bringing in a cruel femme fatale character named Natalie (Carrie-Anne Moss). Natalie makes use of Leonard by lying to him, whilst telling him that she is using him, since she is fully aware of Leonards condition and knows that his memory will fade. Yet again, Nolan does so to make a victim of the protagonist in order to distract the viewers from the plot by making use of empathetic relation to the character (Szyszka 2007:[sp]). Neo noir films In the 1990s, spectators all through the world were presented with a newer and darker adaptation of noir, which was concealed within old methods, yet they were presented as fresh and sleek narratives in magnificent colour. One of the things that make 90s neo-noir different from previous recreations of film noir is the reoccurring focal point on mental illness and the dilemmas caused by psychological struggles. Within this new neo-noir, a white male middle-class outlook was reflected, articulating the fear of becoming the solitary objective in an innovative bold politically correct society. neo-noir also emphasised the increasing statistics of mental illness of the 90s in America (Szyszka 2007:[sp]). Neo-noir films were made to retaliate against a variety of minorities occupied with complicated interior clashes that inhabits not only the minds of the characters, but also the mind of the filmmakers. Whereas this is a presumption as to why noir returned (resurfaced), it is evidently apparent that noir- exclusively composed of method (style) over matter (substance) was a new way of thinking in (post-) Marxist filmmaking. By entering the unknown territory of the inner workings of the mind (psyche), as supposed to the usual physical plane of existence that regularly surfaces in the narrative cinema, the matter (substance) was produced (formed) (Szyszka 2007:[sp]). In these types of films, making use of the psychological (mental) state whilst attacking unfit elements disrupting the social order, a new innovative way of filmmaking ensured an interesting and attention-grabbing combination (Szyszka 2007:[sp]). In 90s American cinema, audiences were extremely wrapped-up in paranoia. It was a time of confusion and society was faced with a civic (public) crisis when the need for truth, the status of information, and the determination of truth surfaced (Szyszka 2007:[sp]). It is ordinarily noticeable that postmodern, post-industrial, post- Marxist, and post- cold war social orders (society) shaped and produced an ongoing concern to what is real and how reality could be established and the authorization thereof. The continuing psychological (mental) focal point in/of 90s contemporary American cinema- mainly of neo-noir- revolves around the postmodern panic (fear) and uncertainty over truth and reality. The internet (made available to the public in the 1990s) not only brought an increasing stream of information, but made it more difficult for society to know what to trust and what not to trust. The 90s is known as the era where it was the fastest and easiest way of distribution of propaganda and misinformation, which added a spiralling effect of cynicism and disillusionment of a nation (Szyszka 2007:[sp] ). Strategy of the real The way in which text positions and/or fixes the viewer (consumer) is revealed first and foremost through a significant assessment surrounding the dominant (governing) structures of cinema, demonstrated by the Hollywood system (structure), and its utilization of narrative and realist forms (BaraÅ„ski and Short 1985:276). One could argue that the dominating shape of narrative used in mainstream cinema and Television creates a meticulous mode (way) of interpreting the world (dominant society): rather than focussing on the subject matter of the motion picture it is concerned with mysteries and anxiety that focuses on the attention of the audience to the method of narrative resolution, it demands and supplies endings which appear to present straightforward resolutions and conclusions to the struggles it has symbolized (represented), so that it gives a closed view of the world (modern society); attention (interest) is frequently concerned on a single protagonist rather than grou ps, and driving forces is understood in the psychosomatic rather than societal conditions (BaraÅ„ski and Short 1985:276). In the same way that it is impossible to rediscover a total (absolute) level of reality it is also impossible to stage a false impression (illusion) of what is real. The possibility of illusion is not possible anymore because the possibility of the real does no longer exist. for instance, should one fabricate (simulate) a break in at a local department store, it would be an interesting observation as to how one would be treated by the repressive state apparatus, as sopposed to what would happen to a person who organised a real brake in. A real brake in would ultimately disturb the natural order of things- individual property rights- whereas the simulation of a robbery ultimately obstructs the code of reality. Misbehaviour and aggression (committing a crime) are not as serious, because it simply challenges the natural (real) order and will be delt with. Simulation of the real is considerably more hazardous given that it constantly implies (suggests), in addition to its object, that re gulation (law) and instruct (order) in itself are merely simulations (Simulacra and Simulations 1988:[sp]). Nevertheless, after simulating a fake robbery, how would one convince the repressive state apparatus that it was merely a simulation of theft? One couldnt, for the reason that there is no objective distinction. Identical motions (gestures) and identical signs are apparent in a simulated robbery as it would in a real theft. As far as the dominant power (Ideological state apparatus and repressive state apparatus) is concerned, they (the gestures and signs) resemble those of a real robbery. After the fake robbery, one would- without knowing- find oneself instantly in the real (one of whose purpose is specifically and ideologically produced to consume all efforts of simulation) reducing everything to reality (Simulacra and Simulations 1988:[sp]). Socialist and radical practitioner have been using realism as a narrative structure, and although they have been criticised since they are significant to the realities they depict, have been presenting information of reality as trouble-free and doesnt properly give possible methods of altering (changing) the world. in addition, they present an uncomplicated truth regarding society. This is the innermost predicament of realism: that it presumes a representation which it considers as the truth, neither inquiring the course of representation nor inserting audiences into position from which they have to work to create an understanding of the text. The significance to the workings of Marxism and (post-) Marxism is that dominant cinema and TV are viewed as two of the positions through which dominant ideology is symbolized (represented) and accomplishes its effects. Narrative forms and realist forms are ideological, and their naturalness and obvious impartialities are conducts of disguising the fact that they create a meticulous vision of the world (BaraÅ„ski, Z.G Short, J.R 1985: 277). The revenge film By convincing the viewer that Leonards murderous ways are driven by vengeance (Leonard wants to avenge the rape and murder of his wife by hunting down the alleged murderer, John G) one could say that Nolan relies on the aspect of sympathy .i.e. to sympathise with a character to justify his/her actions (Szyszka 2007:[sp]). Common characteristics Although the film humorously simulates the authorative power of the case-hardened private detective (private- eye) by giving Leonard a voice-over narration, his weakening state-of-mind (short-term memory loss) undermines/and challenges any assertion that Leonard is creating a continuous, consistent narrative- either about himself or about other characters. One could say that one of the main purposes of the confusing voice-over narrative is to include comical relief throughout the picture. This is applicable in the scene where Leonard is apparently chasing a man: Okay, what am I doing? Im chasing this guy. Nope. Hes chasing me. (Szyszka 2007:[sp]). Memento (Nolan 2000), in addition to coming across as a series of fragmented scenes, is also edited so that the narrative plays out backwards. This becomes evidently clear as the protagonist (Leonard Shelby) vigorously lies to himself. One could make the assumption that Leonards condition not only makes the creation of self- trickery (dece ption) achievable but also possibly fatal (Szyszka 2007:[sp]). Analysis of the narrative structure of Christopher Nolans Memento Memento (2000)is a film written and directed by Christopher Nolan (and adapted from the short story of his brother, Jonathan Nolan), revolves around memory. In the film, Leonard Shelby (Guy Pierce), is the protagonist who has lost the ability to/of forming new memories when he was violently assaulted during the rape and murder of his wife in their own home. Now suffering from short-term-memory-loss, Leonard is not able to remember, nor recognise people even after just having interaction with them (people such as the clerk of the hotel where Leonard is staying). Leonard does, however, recall everything that happened in the past preceding his accident. The plot revolves around Leonards condition (as he calls it) and the determination of avenging his wifes death(He has a clear recollection of the actual murder of his wife) (Clarke 2002:167). The combination of his condition and the yearning to avenge the death of his wife requires him to constantly refresh his memory, which he does by making and keeping loads of mysterious/ puzzling (cryptic) notes, by taking Polaroid pictures of everyone he meets (to remember them) and even going so far as to tattoo the facts that leads his investigative search, on his body. Even though Leonard has all these clues, his memory is constantly fading and he has to function in perpetual confusion when he meets people for the first time or when he finds himself at a different location. Thus, one could say that Leonard is constantly exposed to submission (he is easily persuaded or convinced). Leonards condition is so severe that he can instantly forget what he was doing or talking/thinking about. One could argue the hilarity (comical aspect) of this situation of memory loss throughout the film (Clarke 2002:167-168). One such an example is when Leonard is running but doesnt recall why he is running. As he looks around, he quickly becomes aware that someone is running parallel/next to him, when suddenly, one can hear Leonards thoughts. He is thinking: Okay, now, what am I doing? Oh, I must be chasing that guy (Clarke 2002:168). The comical aspect arises when Leonard changes his course and starts to run after the unknown male, when suddenly, the unknown male points his gun at Leonard and starts chasing him (forcing Leonard to change his direction again when the gun is fired) after almost shooting Leonard (Clarke 2002:168). Leonard is also constantly manipulated throughout the film, not only by his own mind, but also by the characters. Various characters (will be made clear later on) misleads Leonard due to his condition and manipulates him into doing their dirty work (Clarke 2002:168). Spectacle has always been the major field of entertainment, but in todays society that is mainly concerned with infotainment, spectacle and entertainment have come into the area of society, economy, politics, and existence in significant original customs. Building on the convention of manifestation, modern figures of entertainment stretching from Television to stage include spectacle society into their schemes, changing film, television, music, Drama and other areas of society, as well as creating original structures of society, such as cyberspace, multimedia, virtual reality and psycho-crime Drama (Kelner, D 2003:4). A plot summery Leonard Shelby had been struck in the back of the head by the rapist/murderer when trying to save his wife, which resulted Leonard to sustain severe mental and physical trauma and nearly destroyed the function of memory making entirely. After recovery, Leonard is now faced with the difficult role of functioning in society without any short-term memory reconciliation. Leonard is, however, able to function in society after learning to retain information through impulse (instinct) and repetition (replication) .i.e. conditioning. He does so by taking Polaroid pictures and writing short notes (information) on them, thus, using the pictures to simulate short-term memory. This simulation evolves further, one could say, due to the fact that Leonard tattoos the fact of his investigation onto his person (like a bodily map of facts and clues). In a classical (post-)Marxist noir-ish style of filmmaking, Leonard is surrounded by characters who exploit his misfortune by helping (assisting) him, mi sleading him, and/or achieving a little of both (Szyszka 2007:[sp]). The narrative structure In the film Memento (Nolan 2000) which could be perceived as a (post-) Marxist film- it is evidently clear that the film relies on gimmick ( a devise used to grab attention). The fact that one has been hailed (interpolated) into a chain of lies can be terrifying upon watching this film, however, what is more terrifying is that the lies were created by ones own need to fabricate a real narrative (Szyszka 2007:[sp]). Just before the ending of Memento (Nolan 2000), Nolan actively places the viewer into Leonard shoes in the scene where Teddy tells Leonard the truth about the death of his wife, creating final confusion to ensure that the viewer partakes in the movie. Nolan does so by actively ensuring that the viewer takes on the role of detective (just like the role of Leonard Shelby) by trying to make sense of (decipher) the narrative truth. This however posts the question: Does one believe the character of Leonard Shelby who constantly confesses to his unreliability? Or does one believe the character of Teddy who discloses that he had been lying to Leonard and that he, himself, is also named John G Gammell? (Szyszka 2007:[sp]). In order to answer this question one has to closely evaluate various scenes from the film. One of the scenes that stands out meticulously (by using flashbacks) is the scene just before the climax of the movie where Teddy informs Leonard that Sammy Jenkins (a man described by Leonard when he talks about his job where he had to investigate an insurance claim made by the wife of Sammy Jenkins) did in actuality, not exist. The viewer is presented with a sequence of flashbacks that changes momentarily which furthermore contributes to the constant confusion of who and what to believe. One thing is certain though, given that the viewer is restricted to Leonards point of view (perspective), that when Leonard makes the subtle realisation (the flashback where he injects his wife with insulin) and squats down to the floor while convincing himself that his wife didnt have diabetes that Sammy Jenkins is in fact just a fabrication in Leonards mind, thus, showing that Teddy tells a version of the t ruth (Szyszka 2007:[sp]). Another scene that convinces one that Leonard is the one lying to himself, is the scene where Leonard tells the story of Sammys wife not believing that Sammys condition is real. She then goes on testing Sammy- according to Leonard- by telling him (Sammy) that it was time for her to be injected with insulin. After Sammy had injected his wife with the medicine she is still convinced that her husband is lying, so she turn back her wristwatch by 15 minutes and tells him that it was time for her to be injected with insulin (she was diabetic and relied on him to inject her even though he suffered from short-term memory loss). After repeating this process yet again Sammys wife overdoses on insulin and dies. Sammy was then placed into a mental asylum and in the final seconds of the black-and-white scene, just before it ends as the camera is closing up on Sammy a nurse walks past the camera-obstructing the view of Sammy- and for a brief second the shot is edited so that one sees Leonard sitti ng in the same chair as where Sammy sat, thus, emphasising that Leonard was in fact the one who was lying to himself through conditioning his mind and ultimately fabricated the story of Sammy Jenkins (Szyszka 2007:[sp]). One could say that in this particular scene, that Leonards memory of Sammy Jenkins is a simulation of himself in order to detach from the traumatic loss of his wife whom was raped and murdered before his very eyes. Here, the (post-) Marxist notion of neo-realism hits the most confusing plane of paranoia by making use of a protagonist who will never be able to believe himself and must constantly remind himself of where he is by leaving himself a postmodern network of clues to function in society (Szyszka 2007:[sp]). unified social reality In cinema, spectacle is presented as all of society, forming a part of the social order and as an instrument of unifying the general public, all at the same time (simultaneously). The spectacle is not a compilation of imagery, but rather a way for people to relate to one another socially, by mediation of imagery. An immense variety of obvious phenomena is explained and unified by the notion of spectacle. Measured in its own conditions, the spectacle confirms how everything should look (appearance) and confirms the nature of humanity (how humans should live), i.e. social life, as mere appearance. However, further analysis of the truth of the spectacle depicts it as noticeable contradictions of life, since spectacle is no longer about visual aesthetic and enriched text, but rather about mainstream cinematic ideology and revenue (Debord 1967:[sp]). Conclusion The master/slave dialectic is the story of the actualisation of a unified social reality. It is also an extension of the story of how the identity of the self is constituted in and through another. It is the story of desire (Diprose 1994:46). Even though the above mentioned excerpt speaks of the female form in modern day society, one could argue that just like the master/slave dialectic, that Leonard represents the slave and everyone else that is using and deceiving him- even his mental condition- are the masters. One could make this conclusion since Leonard is the one being used and mislead (just like the typical female character is usually exploited) without his knowledge. He thus creates, within himself, the longing (desire) to avenge his wifes death. One could thus conclude, that due to the fact that one is presented with a male protagonist, driven by loss and vengeance, in order to find closure and move on with his life, that Memento (Nolan 2000) does represent some form of unified social reality .i.e. the need to move forward. The fact that he never does move on with his life, almost contradicts the previous statement, except, the fact that Leonard is unable to realise this tragedy due to his mental trauma-paired wi th the fact that he is in actuality a serial killer- ensures the unified social reality (in accordance to the dominant power) that he gets what he deserves, an ongoing struggle of redemption. Sources consulted BaraÅ„ski, Z.G Short, J.R. 1985. Developing Contemporary Marxism. London: The Macmillan Press LTD. Baudrillard, J. 1998. The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures. Gateshead: Athenà ¦um Press Limited. Clarke, M. 2002. The Space-Time Image: the Case of Bergson, Deleuze, and Memento. The Journal of Speculative Philosophy 16(3): 167-168. Debord, G. 1967. Society of the Spectacle. [O]. Available: http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/debord/society.htm Accessed 5 October 2010 Diprose, R. 1994. The bodies of woman: ethics, embodiment, and sexual difference. London: Routledge. Hurd, R. 2003. Christopher Nolans Memento Analysis of the narrative structure of a noirish revenge film. Paper presented at the Seminar: Decadence and Modernism in Late 20th Century American Cinema, 23 February 2003, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Jean Baudrillard-Biography. [Sa]. [O]. Available: http://www.egs.edu/faculty/jean-baudrillard/biography/ Accessed 2 October 2010 Kelner, D. 2003. Media Spectacle. New York: Routledge Kellner, D. 2007. Jean Baudrillard. [O]. Available: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/baudrillard/ Accessed 1 October 2010 Netto, J.A. 2000. Marxist film theory. [O]. Available: http://www.nettonet.org/Nettonet/Film%20Program/theory/marx-theory.htm Accesed 2 October 2010 Simulacra and Simulations. 1988. [O]. Available: http://www.stanford.edu/dept/HPS/Baudrillard/Baudrillard_Simulacra.html Accessed 30 September 2010 Szyszka, E. 2007. Brain Damage: Neo Noir in the Nineties. [O]. Available: http://thecinephilenewyork.blogspot.com/2007/08/brain-damage-neo-noir-in nineties.html Accessed 3 October 2010